important battle of indian history of British

 important battle of indian history of British government 

The British government’s rule in India was shaped significantly by a series of important battles that altered the political landscape and led to the establishment and expansion of British colonial power. Among these, the Battle of Plassey (1757) stands out as a pivotal event, marking the beginning of British dominance in India.

### Battle of Plassey (1757)

The Battle of Plassey was fought on June 23, 1757, between the British East India Company led by Robert Clive and Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. This battle was decisive for British India as it marked the start of British political control over Bengal, which was one of the richest and most strategically important regions. The victory was heavily influenced by the betrayal of Mir Jafar, a commander in the Nawab’s army, who allied with the British in exchange for becoming the Nawab himself. The success at Plassey paved the way for the British East India Company to gradually extend its rule over much of India, ultimately leading to over a century of British colonial rule. This battle also represented the beginning of economic exploitation and political control by the British in India through the East India Company.

### Consolidating Control: Battle of Buxar (1764)

Following Plassey, the Battle of Buxar in 1764 further consolidated British power in India. The battle was fought between the British East India Company army and the combined forces of Mir Qasim (former Nawab of Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daula (Nawab of Awadh), and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. The British victory ensured their dominance over large parts of eastern India, securing the Diwani rights (revenue collection) over Bengal, Bihar, and Awadh. This battle was crucial in establishing the Company’s administrative control and expanding its influence, setting the foundation for a colonial empire.

### The Revolt of 1857: The First War of Independence

Perhaps the most significant and symbolic battle in British Indian history was during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Independence. This widely spread revolt began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers in the British East India Company’s army and evolved into a broader uprising against British rule. Major confrontations occurred at places like Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, and Arrah. The Siege of Delhi was particularly notable, lasting from July to September 1857, where Indian rebels tried to recapture the city from British forces. Though eventually suppressed, the revolt marked the end of the Company’s rule and led to the British Crown taking direct control of India in 1858. The rebellion also ignited a nationalist awakening and inspired future movements for independence.

### Additional Significant Battles

- **Battle of Panipat (1526):** Though pre-British, it had long-lasting effects by establishing Mughal rule, which the British later capitalized on.

- **Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767-1799):** 

Series of battles where the British defeated Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, further consolidating British power in southern India.

- **Battle of Haldighati (1576):** 

A symbol of resistance against expansion, important for understanding the context of regional opposition to foreign powers including eventually the British

- **Battle of Kohima (1944):** 

Significant World War II battle where British-Indian forces halted the Japanese advance into India during WWII, underscoring strategic military importance even in the colonial era.

### Summary

The British government’s control over India was initially established and expanded through key battles like Plassey and Buxar, which provided the East India Company with political and economic dominance. The 1857 rebellion was a major battle turning point that ended Company rule and established direct Crown governance. These battles, among others, shaped India’s colonial history and set the stage for the eventual independence movement decades later.

This 500-word overview captures the essence of major battles involving the British government in India, highlighting their strategic, economic, and political implications.

If desired, more detailed accounts or specific battles can be explored further. Let me know if a specific battle or era is pr

eferred for a deeper focus.

1. Which war is considered the first major conflict between the British East India Company and Indian rulers?  

A) First Anglo-Mysore War  

B) Battle of Plassey  

C) First Anglo-Maratha War  

D) Battle of Buxar  

Answer: B) Battle of Plassey

2. The Battle of Panipat in 1526, which marked the beginning of Mughal rule in India, was fought between:  

A) Babur and Ibrahim Lodi  

B) Akbar and Hemu  

C) Aurangzeb and Shivaji  

D) British and Marathas  

Answer: A) Babur and Ibrahim Lodi

3. The Anglo-Sikh Wars were fought between the British East India Company and which Indian kingdom?  

A) Kingdom of Mysore  

B) Maratha Empire  

C) Sikh Empire  

D) Mughal Empire  

Answer: C) Sikh Empire

4. Which war led to the annexation of the Kingdom of Mysore by the British?  

A) Third Anglo-Mysore War  

B) First Anglo-Maratha War  

C) First Anglo-Sikh War  

D) Third Anglo-Maratha War  

Answer: A) Third Anglo-Mysore War

5. The Revolt of 1857 is also known as:  

A) First Anglo-Maratha War  

B) Indian Rebellion of 1857  

C) First Anglo-Sikh War  

D) Third Anglo-Mysore War  

Answer: B) Indian Rebellion of 1857

6. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in the year:  

A) 1761  

B) 1762  

C) 1763  

D) 1760  

Answer: A) 1761

7. In which Anglo-Mysore war and in which year was Tipu Sultan killed?  

A) First, 1766  

B) Second, 1784  

C) Third, 1792  

D) Fourth, 1799  

Answer: D) Fourth, 1799

8. The Battle of Haldighati was fought between which two forces?  

A) Rana Pratap and Akbar  

B) Shivaji and Aurangzeb  

C) Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan  

D) Prithviraj C

hauhan and Ghazni  

Answer: A) Rana Pratap and Akbar

Indian wars MCQs with answer key

1. Which battle was fought between Alexander and Porus in 326 BCE?  

A) Battle of Hydaspes  

B) Battle of Kalinga  

C) Battle of Panipat  

D) Battle of Tarain  

Answer: A) Battle of Hydaspes

2. In which year did the Kalinga War take place?  

A) 221 BCE  

B) 261 BCE  

C) 320 BCE  

D) 285 BCE  

Answer: B) 261 BCE

3. Who won the Battle of Plassey?  

A) Siraj-ud-Daulah  

B) Robert Clive  

C) Mir Jafar  

D) Safdarjung  

Answer: B) Robert Clive

4. Which war resulted in the British annexation of Punjab?  

A) First Anglo-Sikh War  

B) Second Anglo-Sikh War  

C) Third Anglo-Maratha War  

D) First Anglo-Mysore War  

Answer: B) Second Anglo-Sikh War

5. Who was killed in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War?  

A) Hyder Ali  

B) Tipu Sultan  

C) Mir Jafar  

D) Nana Sahib  

Answer: B) Tipu Sultan

6. The First War of Indian Independence occurred in:  

A) 1847  

B) 1857  

C) 1867  

D) 1877  

Answer: B) 1857

7. The Battle of Saragarhi was fought between which two groups?  

A) British and Afghans  

B) Sikh soldiers and Afghans  

C) Marathas and British  

D) British and Mughals  

Answer: B) Sikh soldiers and Afghans

8. Battle of Panipat (1761) was fought between:  

A) British and Marathas  

B) Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali  

C) Mughals and Marathas  

D) Marathas and Afghans  

Answer: B) Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali

9. Who led the British forces in the Battle of Buxar?  

A) Robert Clive  

B) Hector Munro  

C) Lord Wellesley  

D) Arthur Wellesley  

Answer: B) Hector Munro

10. Which battle marked the end of Maratha power in India?  

A) Battle of Assaye  

B) Third Anglo-Maratha War  

C) Battle of Plassey  

D) Battle of Seringapatam  

Answer: B) Third Anglo-Maratha War

Anglo-Mysore Wars practice quiz

1. How many Anglo-Mysore Wars were fought between the British and Mysore?  

a) 2  

b) 3  

c) 4  

d) 5  

Answer: c) 4  

2. Which treaty ended the First Anglo-Mysore War?  

a) Treaty of Mangalore  

b) Treaty of Madras  

c) Treaty of Seringapatam  

d) Treaty of Bassein  

Answer: b) Treaty of Madras  

3. During which Anglo-Mysore war did Hyder Ali die?  

a) First  

b) Second  

c) Third  

d) Fourth  

Answer: b) Second  

4. The Third Anglo-Mysore War concluded with which treaty?  

a) Treaty of Madras  

b) Treaty of Mangalore  

c) Treaty of Seringapatam  

d) Treaty of Salbai  

Answer: c) Treaty of Seringapatam  

5. Tipu Sultan died in which Anglo-Mysore War?  

a) First  

b) Second  

c) Third  

d) Fourth  

Answer: d) Fourth  

6. Where was the capital of Tipu Sultan's kingdom?  

a) Hyderabad  

b) Seringapatam  

c) Mangalore  

d) Mahe  

Answer: b) Seringapatam  

7. Who was the British Governor-General during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War?  

a) Lord Cornwallis  

b) Lord Warren Hastings  

c) Lord Wellesley  

d) Lord Dalhousie  

Answer: c) Lord Wellesley  

8. Which battle marked the end of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and Tipu Sultan's death?  

a) Battle of Malavalli  

b) Battle of Seringapatam  

c) Battle of Porto Novo  

d) Battle of Sholinghur  

Answer: b) Battle of Seringapatam  

9. Did Tipu Sultan use rockets as weapons du

ring the wars?  

a) True  

b) False  

Answer: a) True  

Historical Background of the Constitution in India

Historical Background of the Constitution in India 

The historical background of the Constitution of India is a long and complex journey marked by gradual evolution influenced by various acts, reforms, political movements, and the struggle for independence. This background reflects not only the administrative transitions under British colonial rule but also the aspirations of a diverse population seeking self-governance and justice.

## Early Background: East India Company Rule

The origin of constitutional development in India dates back to the early 1600s when the East India Company came to India for trade. Over time, the Company expanded its control from commerce to administrative and political dominance. The critical turning point came in 1765 with the establishment of the "Diwani" system, giving the Company the right to collect revenues (taxes) from the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. This marked the beginning of British political power in India beyond trade.

## British Parliamentary Acts and Early Regulations

The British Parliament enacted several key legislative acts on India’s governance during the 18th and 19th centuries that paved the way for the constitutional framework:

- **Regulating Act of 1773**: The first significant act by the British Parliament to regulate the East India Company's affairs in India. It established a Governor-General of Bengal (Warren Hastings) and created an Executive Council. The Supreme Court was set up in Calcutta in 1774, marking the beginning of British judicial intervention. This centralized Company powers while subordinating the Presidencies of Bombay and Madras to Bengal.

- **Pitt's India Act 1784**: It established dual control, where the Company’s affairs were controlled jointly by the Company and the British government, increasing governmental oversight.

- **Charter Acts (1813, 1833, 1853)**: These acts successively expanded British Parliament’s control over Indian affairs, introduced governance reforms, and centralized administration. The Charter Act of 1833 declared the British Crown as the sovereign authority of India.

- **Government of India Act 1858**: After the 1857 Revolt (First War of Independence), the British Crown took direct control of India from the East India Company, marking the beginning of the British Crown rule (1858–1947). The act transferred power to the Secretary of State for India and created a Council of India.

## Later Reforms and Acts Before Independence

Several acts introduced legislative reforms aiming to involve Indians in governance but retained British supremacy:

- **Indian Councils Act 1861 and 1892**: Introduced limited Indian representation in legislative councils.

- **Morley-Minto Reforms 1909 (Indian Councils Act 1909)**: Expanded legislative councils and introduced separate electorates for Muslims.

- **Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 1919 (Government of India Act 1919)**: Introduced dyarchy (dual governance) in provinces, separating subjects into transferred and reserved, and expanded legislative councils with more Indian members.

- **Government of India Act 1935**: A landmark act that provided provincial autonomy, proposed a federal structure (which did not come into force), extended franchise, and formed a federal court. It became the primary foundation for the later drafting of the Constitution of India. This act significantly influenced constitutional provisions, including the incorporation of fundamental rights and governance frameworks.

## Nationalist Movement and Growing Constitutional Awareness

Parallel to these legislative reforms, the Indian freedom struggle gained momentum, redefining constitutional aspirations:

- The **Nehru Report (1928)**: An early attempt by the All Parties Conference to draft a constitution for India through peaceful political negotiation. It marked a collective demand for self-rule and governance reforms.

- The **Demand for Constituent Assembly**: It was proposed by leaders like M. N. Roy in 1934 and became central to constitutional development discussions. The Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 eventually led to the formation of the Constituent Assembly to draft a democratic constitution reflecting the aspirations of a free India.

## Formation of the Constituent Assembly and Drafting Process

- **Constituent Assembly Formation (1946)**: The Assembly first met on December 9, 1946, with 389 members initially, later reduced after partition. It was led by President Rajendra Prasad and guided by leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, B. R. Ambedkar, Sardar Patel, and others. The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly to demand a separate Pakistan

- **Drafting Committee (1947)**: Chaired by B. R. Ambedkar, the committee prepared the draft constitution after extensive debates, consultations, and incorporation of inputs from various social, linguistic, and political groups. The drafting took about 2 years and 11 months.

- **Adoption and Enforcement**: The Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950, marking the birth of the Republic of India. This day is celebrated annually as Republic Day

## Indian Independence Act 1947 and Integration of Princely States

The Independence Act of 1947 legally ended British sovereignty, partitioning India and Pakistan. Post-independence, India faced the challenge of integrating over 500 princely states into the Union. Leaders like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V. P. Menon played critical roles using diplomacy and force. Before the Constitution came into force, India was a dominion of the British Crown responsible for external affairs. The Constitution repealed previous laws, affirming India's full sovereignty.

## Sources of the Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution drew inspiration from multiple sources:

- British constitutional principles and legislation (Government of India Acts, British parliamentary acts)

- Concepts from other constitutions such as the US (fundamental rights), Ireland (directive principles of state policy), Canada (federal structure), Australia (federalism), and others.

The Constitution was designed to be a flexible, democratic, and inclusive framework reflecting India’s diversity, aiming to secure justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for all citizens.

Conclusion 

The Constitution of India has a rich historical background marked by a series of legislative acts and movements before its adoption in 1950. It evolved through British colonial regulations and Indian efforts towards self-governance.

## Early Legislative Acts Under British Rule

The journey began with the British Parliament's Regulating Act of 1773, which established central control with a Governor-General in Bengal and a Supreme Court in Calcutta. This was followed by several important acts that gradually increased Indian participation and administrative reforms, including:

- Pitt’s India Act (1784)

- Charter Acts (1813, 1833, 1853)

- Government of India Acts (1858, 1919, 1935)

These acts laid the foundation for India's constitutional framework by centralizing governance, expanding legislative councils, and introducing limited self-rule forms.

## The Making of the Constitution

In 1928, the All Parties Conference convened a committee in Lucknow that drafted the Nehru Report, an early attempt at an Indian constitution. The movement for independence intensified, leading to the formation of the Constituent Assembly on December 6, 1946. This assembly, chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the drafting committee head, worked between 1946 and 1949 to prepare the Constitution.

## Key Events Leading to Adoption

- The Government of India Act 1935 heavily influenced the constitutional provisions.

- The Indian Independence Act 1947 resulted in the partition of India and Pakistan and the division of the Constituent Assembly.

- The Objective Resolution presented by Jawaharlal Nehru laid down the constitution's guiding principles.

- The Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950, marking India as a sovereign democratic republic and repealing the previous colonial acts.

Central Government Schemes

central government schemes

The central government of India has announced and operates numerous schemes in 2025 to support various sectors including agriculture, rural development, social welfare, health, education, infrastructure, and entrepreneurship. Key schemes announced in the 2025 Union Budget and ongoing programs include:

- **Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana**: Supporting about 1.7 crore farmers in low-productivity districts to improve agricultural productivity.

- **Rural Prosperity and Resilience Programme**: Multi-sectoral initiatives to generate rural employment and invigorate the rural economy through technology and skilling.

- **National Mission for Edible Oilseed** and **Aatmanirbharta in Pulses**: 

Aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in edible oils and pulses, including support for procurement by central agencies

- **Entrepreneurship Scheme for Women and SC/ST Entrepreneurs**: 

Providing term loans up to Rs. 2 crore with capacity building.

- **Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0 Programme**: 

Nutritional support for children, lactating mothers, and adolescent girls.

- **Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme**: 

Offering digital Indian language books for schools and higher education.

- **Identity Cards and Health Coverage for Gig Workers**: 

Registration on e-Shram portal and healthcare under PM Jan Arogya Yojana.

- **Affordable and Mid-Income Housing Fund (SWAMIH Fund 2)**:

 To complete 1 lakh housing units targeting middle-class families.

- **Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Support**:

 Enhanced limits for turnover and investment to improve access to credit and technology.

- **Kisan Credit Cards (KCC)**: 

Facilitating loans for farmers, fishermen, and dairy farmers with increased loan limits.

- **Startups Fund of Funds**:

Continued support with fresh Rs. 10,000 crore contributions.

- **Atal Tinkering Labs**:

 50,000 labs in government schools to foster innovation.

- **PM SVANidhi Scheme**:

 Support and loans for street vendors.

- **Jal Jeevan Mission**: 

Ensuring potable tap water for rural households, targeted for 100% coverage by 2028.

- **UDAN Scheme**: 

Enhancing regional connectivity through development of airports and routes.

- **PM Gati Shakti Portal and National Geospatial Mission**: 

Data infrastructure to assist infrastructure projects and urban planning.

- **Employment Growth in Tourism and Research Fellowships**: 

Promoting tourism-linked employment and research in premier institutes.

Other ongoing flagship schemes include Ayushman Bharat (healthcare), Digital India, Skill India, Jan Dhan Yojana (financial inclusion), Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (support for farmers), PM Formalization of Micro Food Processing Enterprises, Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan, and schemes supporting Scheduled Castes and Tribes, among others. These schemes cover a wide array of social, economic, and developmental goals across India [1][2][3][4].

Major welfare schemes list

Here is a list of major welfare schemes by the Central Government of India in 2025 that cover various social security, health, employment, nutrition, housing, and agricultural support domains:

- **Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)**:

 Income support to farmers with an annual payment to small and marginal farmers.

- **National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)**: Empowering rural poor through self-help groups, skill development, and livelihood support.

- **Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0**: Nutrition support to children, lactating mothers, and adolescent girls.

- **Atal Pension Yojana**: 

Voluntary pension scheme mainly for unorganized sector workers.

- **Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY/Ayushman Bharat)**:

 Health coverage for poor and vulnerable families, providing secondary and tertiary healthcare.

- **Antyodaya Anna Yojana**:

 Food security for the poorest households.

- **Skill India Mission**: 

Enhancing employability of youth through vocational training and certifications.

- **Jan Dhan Yojana**: 

Financial inclusion via access to banking and insurance services for the underprivileged.

- **Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana**: 

Loans and credit access for micro and small enterprises.

- **SWAMIH Fund 2**: 

Housing support for affordable and mid-income families.

- **e-Shram Portal and Gig Worker Welfare**: Registration and social security for informal sector workers.

- **Kisan Credit Cards (KCC)**:

Credit support for farmers, fishermen, and dairy farmers.

- **MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act)**: Employment guarantee for rural households

- **Digital India and e-Governance Schemes**: Digital empowerment and better access to government services.

- **Social Security Welfare Schemes for marginalized groups**: Including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women, and elderly welfare programs.

- **Mission for Atmanirbharta in Pulses and Edible Oils**: Enhancing self-reliance in key agricultural products.

These schemes form the backbone of India's social welfare framework targeting vulnerable and economically weaker sections for inclusive growth and economic security

Atal Pension Yojana scheme details

The Atal Pension Yojana (APY) is a government-backed pension scheme launched in 2015 aimed at providing a **defined minimum monthly pension** to Indian citizens aged 18 to 40 years, particularly targeting workers in the unorganized sector.

 Key Features:

- Subscribers can choose a guaranteed monthly pension amount: **Rs. 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, or 5,000** upon reaching the age of 60.

- The monthly pension continues for the lifetime of the subscriber and after their death, the spouse receives the same pension.

- After the death of both the subscriber and the spouse, the accumulated pension corpus is returned to the nominee.

- Contributions are auto-debited from the subscriber’s bank/post office savings account.

- Contribution amounts vary depending on the pension amount chosen and the age of joining, ranging from about Rs. 42 to Rs. 210 per month if joining at age 18, and higher if joining at older ages, with a minimum contribution period of 20 years.

- Income taxpayers are not eligible for APY from October 2022 onwards.

- The scheme offers tax benefits under section 80CCD of the Income Tax Act.

- The government guarantees the minimum pension even if the investment returns are lower than expected; if returns exceed expectations, the subscriber receives the benefit of higher returns.

- Spouse can continue the contributions in case of subscriber’s death before 60 years to avail pension benefits.

- Enrollment requires a savings bank account and Aadhaar is used for identity verification and updates.

 Summary of Benefits on Attaining 60 Years:

- Guaranteed minimum pension amount as chosen (Rs. 1,000 to Rs. 5,000 monthly).

- Spouse receives the same pension after subscriber's death.

- Pension corpus returned to nominee after death of subscriber and spouse.

The scheme is administered by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) and uses the infrastructure of the National Pension System (NPS) for enrolment and fund management.

This scheme is designed to ensure **old-age income security** for unorganized sector workers and offers easy accessibility through banking channels

Important Scheme in Tamilnadu

7. **Education Support Schemes**  

   Initiatives like the "Tamil Puthalvan Scheme" provide monthly financial assistance to boys from economically weaker sections studying in middle and high school. Scholarship and school improvement schemes also form part of the state's education focus 

8. **Mission Nature and Green Tamil Nadu Mission**  

   Launched in 2022 to promote environmental sustainability through nature conservation, afforestation, and green development efforts, reflecting Tamil Nadu’s commitment to ecological balance 

9. **Chief Minister's Breakfast Scheme**  

   Launched in 2022 and expanded in 2023, this scheme provides nutritious breakfast to school children to improve attendance and health outcomes

10. **Marriage Assistance Schemes**  

    Several government schemes provide financial support to orphan girls and encourage inter-caste marriages to promote social harmony and support disadvantaged groups 

11. **Social Welfare and Women Empowerment Services**  

    These include sewing machine distribution to widows and abandoned women, working women's hostels, protection homes for women and children, and welfare programs for senior citizens and the transgender community, aiming at social inclusion and security

Top Tamil Nadu schemes 2015-2025

1. **Amma Two Wheeler Scheme for Working Women**  

   Aimed at empowering women by providing subsidies for purchasing two-wheelers, this scheme enhances women's mobility and independence, helping them access employment and education more easily 

2. **Tamil Nadu Unemployment Assistance Scheme**  

   Provides monthly financial aid to unemployed youth in the state, including allowances for differently-abled individuals, to support them while they seek employment 

3. **Chief Minister's Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme**  

   Offers health insurance coverage worth Rs. 5 lakh to economically backward families, ensuring access to premium healthcare without out-of-pocket expenses 

4. **Magalir Urimai Thogai Scheme**  

   Grants Rs. 1000 monthly to financially unstable women, promoting their economic security and well-being

5. **Unemployed Youth Employment Generation Programme**  

   Provides loans up to Rs. 15 lakhs for unemployed youth to start small businesses, fostering entrepreneurship and self-employment 

6. **Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy Ninaivu Inter Caste Marriage Assistance Scheme**  

   Encourages inter-caste marriages by providing financial aid, aiming to reduce caste discrimination and promote social integration

7. **Annai Theresa Ninaivu Marriage Assistance Scheme for Orphan Girls**  

   Offers Rs. 25,000 financial support to orphaned girls for their weddings, helping vulnerable girls have better lives 

8. **Tamizh Pudhalvan Scheme**  

   Financial assistance of Rs. 1000 per month for boys from economically weaker sections studying in grades 6-12, promoting education and reducing dropouts 

9. **Kalaignar Urimai Thogai Scheme**  

   Allocates Rs. 1,000 monthly to women household heads, supporting women-led families financially and fostering women’s empowerment

10. **Vidiyal Payanam Scheme**  

    Provides free travel in state-run public buses for women, enhancing their mobility and access to resources 

11. **Mission Nature and Green Tamil Nadu Mission**  

    Launched recently to increase forest cover and promote environmental sustainability across the state 

12. **Chief Minister's Breakfast Scheme**  

    Provides nutritious breakfast to school children to boost health and increase school attendance, launched starting 2022 and expanded in 2023 

13. **Major Infrastructure Development Projects**  

    Over the last decade, key infrastructure projects such as airport terminal expansion, highway 4- and 6-laning, and port development have been undertaken, significantly improving connectivity and industrial growth statewide 

14. **Defense Industrial Corridor**  

    A large-scale initiative to develop defense manufacturing industries in Chennai, Coimbatore, Salem, Hosur, and Trichy, creating jobs and boosting the economy 

15. **FinTech City**  

    An upcoming project in Chennai aiming to build a global financial services hub, expected to be completed by 2025 

These schemes and projects reflect Tamil Nadu’s comprehensive strategy encompassing social welfare, women empowerment, youth employment, education support, environmental sustainabi

lity, and infrastructure development aimed at inclusive growth over the past decade 

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Archaeological Excavations in Tamil Nadu

 

 overview of archaeological excavations in Tamil Nadu based on recent information and historical context:

 Introduction to Excavations in Tamil Nadu

Archaeological excavations in Tamil Nadu have been pivotal in uncovering the deep and rich history of the region, revealing its cultural and societal evolution from prehistoric times to the historic era. These excavations conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology among others, have revealed settlements, artifacts, and burial sites that date back thousands of years, significantly rewriting the understanding of Tamil Nadu’s ancient past.

 Major Excavation Sites and Discoveries

Keezhadi Excavation

Keezhadi stands out as the most prominent excavation site in Tamil Nadu, located near the Vaigai River. It is known for uncovering a Sangam period settlement that dates back at least 2,600 years. Excavations began in 2015 and have proceeded through multiple phases, revealing over 6,000 artifacts including pottery, tools, and inscriptions in Tamil-Brahmi script. These finds have pushed back the timeline of the Sangam era and indicate an advanced urban civilization with industrial activity. Radiocarbon dating has confirmed artifacts from Keezhadi ranging between 580 BCE to the 1st century CE. The discoveries have included brick structures, beads, copper needles, and iron implements that offer insight into early Tamil society and culture [2][8].

Sivagalai Excavation

The site of Sivagalai, located near the Thamirabarani River, is considered an Iron Age habitation-cum-urn burial site. Excavations conducted in recent years uncovered 161 burial urns and over 85 iron objects like knives, arrowheads, and swords, some found inside the urns. The site is linked to other significant archaeological areas in Tamil Nadu such as Sayarpuram, Adichanallur, and the ancient Pandya port of Korkai. Sivagalai's findings have contributed to understanding the Iron Age period in Tamil Nadu, showing the technological and societal characteristics of that time 

Other Important Sites

Tamil Nadu continues to discover new archaeological sites spanning various historic periods. Recent projects launched by the state government target sites like Kilnamandi (Tiruvannamalai), Vembakottai (Virudhunagar), Porpanai Kottai (Pudukkottai), Chennanur (Krishnagiri), Kongalnagaram (Tiruppur), Marungur (Cuddalore), and Thirumalpuram (Tenkasi). These excavations aim to explore evidence from the Neolithic, Iron Age, and historic periods. For example, Thirumalpuram's excavation covers 25 acres and is revealing Paleolithic burial sites along with Iron Age habitation layers. The focus is to uncover continuous human settlement and socio-economic developments [3].

 Historical and Cultural Significance

Excavations in Tamil Nadu go beyond mere artifact recovery; they illuminate the political, social, and cultural fabric of ancient Tamil society. The region’s rich archaeological record highlights sophisticated urban planning, trade networks, metallurgical expertise, and script development. Discoveries such as graffiti marks and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions hint at literacy and administrative systems from early times. The assemblage of artifacts, from pottery to iron tools and ancient coins, narrates the story of Tamil Nadu's transition through prehistoric, Iron Age, and Sangam periods, connecting to larger South Asian and global ancient histories [4][5].

Archaeological Efforts and Institutions

The archaeological efforts in Tamil Nadu have been carried out by a range of institutions including the ASI, Tamil Nadu State Archaeology Department, universities, and private research centers. The State Department of Archaeology, established in 1961, leads conservation, excavation, and preservation projects while also publishing reports and managing museums that showcase excavated antiquities. The systematic excavation and research work have helped position Tamil Nadu prominently on the global archaeological map, emphasizing the continuous evolution of human habitation and culture in the region 

 Recent Advances and Controversies

Recent excavations such as those at Keezhadi have sparked debate regarding the dating and implications of the Tamil-Brahmi script and the antiquity of Iron Age in India. Some findings suggest iron artifacts dating back to between 3,000-3,300 BCE, potentially predating well-known Iron Age sites globally. These results challenge established historical timelines and highlight Tamil Nadu's crucial role in early metallurgy and civilization development. However, these claims have also led to scholarly discussion and require further validation 

This overview provides a comprehensive understanding of Tamil Nadu's archaeological excavations and their contributions to history, culture, and science, drawing from multiple significant sites and ongoing research up to 2025

Keeladi practice MCQ question set

Here is a sample set of Keeladi practice MCQs with answers, illustrating the type of questions that help prepare on this topic:

1. What was the assumption about the origin of urban life in India before the Keeladi dig?

   A) The origins lay in northern Gangetic plains

   B) Indus Valley Civilization was the first urban civilization

   C) The second urbanization was in Magadha Empire

   D) Both A and B  

   Answer: A

2. The Keeladi excavations challenge the idea that urban life in India had a:

   A) Single fountainhead in the north only

   B) Single fountainhead in the south only

   C) Multiple sources in different regions and eras

   D) None of the above  

   Answer: C

3. The script found inscribed on potsherds at Keeladi is:

   A) Devanagari

   B) Tamil Brahmi

   C) Grantha

   D) Sanskrit  

   Answer: B

4. The period to which Keeladi findings date back is:

   A) 6th century BCE to 1st century BCE

   B) 2nd century CE

   C) 10th century CE

   D) 5th century BCE  

   Answer: A

5. Which urban feature was discovered at Keeladi?

   A) Pyramid temples

   B) Houses with burnt bricks and drainage

   C) Cave paintings

   D) Large stone fortifications  

   Answer: B

6. Keeladi findings pushed back the Sangam age to around:

   A) 500 BCE

   B) 800 BCE

   C) 300 BCE

   D) 1000 BCE  

   Answer: B

7. Some artifacts found at Keeladi indicating ancient trade include:

   A) Roman coins and agate beads

   B) Gold jewelry

   C) Silk cloth

   D) Bronze statues  

   Answer: A

yes

Here is a practice set of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) on Keeladi excavation to help with exam preparation:

1. Where is Keeladi located?

   A) Chennai

   B) Madurai

   C) Sivagangai district

   D) Coimbatore  

   Answer: C) Sivagangai district

2. Keeladi excavations date back to which period?

   A) 3rd century BCE

   B) 6th century BCE to 1st century CE

   C) 10th century CE

   D) 1st century CE  

   Answer: B) 6th century BCE to 1st century CE

3. Which ancient script was discovered on pottery at Keeladi?

   A) Sanskrit

   B) Tamil Brahmi

   C) Grantha

   D) Devanagari  

   Answer: B) Tamil Brahmi

4. What evidence suggests urban planning at Keeladi?

   A) Cave paintings

   B) Houses made of burnt bricks, drainage, and water tanks

   C) Stone palaces

   D) Fortified walls  

   Answer: B) Houses made of burnt bricks, drainage, and water tanks

5. Which industries were present at Keeladi according to the findings?

   A) Pottery, weaving, dyeing, and bead making

   B) Iron smelting and mining

   C) Ship building and pearl fishing

   D) Goldsmiths and carpentry  

   Answer: A) Pottery, weaving, dyeing, and bead making

6. The Keeladi findings pushed back the Sangam age to which approximate date?

   A) 3rd century BCE

   B) 5th century BCE

   C) 6th century BCE or earlier (around 800 BCE)

   D) 1st century CE  

   Answer: C) 6th century BCE or earlier (around 800 BCE)

7. Which of these reflect trade networks connected to Keeladi?

   A) Roman coins, agate beads

   B) Chinese silk

   C) Arabian spices

   D) Egyptian papyrus  

   Answer: A) Roman coins, agate beads

8. The Carbon dating at Keeladi was conducted on:

   A) Pottery shards only

   B) Charcoal and bones

   C) Stone tools

   D) Metal implements  

   Answer: B) Charcoal and bones

9. The Keeladi site lies along which river?

   A) Cauvery

   B) Vaigai

   C) Tamirabarani

   D) Godavari  

   Answer: B) Vaigai

10. Which organization conducted the first three rounds of excavation at Keeladi?

    A) Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department

   

 B) Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)

    C) Indian History Congress

    D) University of Madras  

    Answer: B) Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)

Delhi Sultanate overview

Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty (1206–1290)

- Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206–1210): Founder of the Delhi Sultanate and the Slave dynasty.

- Aram Shah (1210–1211): Brief rule after Aibak.

- Shams-ud-din Iltutmish (1211–1236): Consolidated Sultanate and strengthened the administration.

- Ruknuddin Firuz Shah (1236): Brief and weak rule.

- Razia Sultana (1236–1240): First and only female ruler of the Sultanate.

- Muizuddin Bahram Shah (1240–1242)

- Alauddin Masud Shah (1242–1246)

- Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246–1266)

- Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (1266–1287): Strong ruler who reestablished central authority.

- Kaiqubad (1287–1290): Last ruler of Mamluk dynasty.

Khalji Dynasty (1290–1320)

- Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khalji (1290–1296): Founder of the Khalji dynasty.

- Alauddin Khalji (1296–1316): Expanded territory deep into South India and repelled Mongol invasions.

- Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah (1316–1320): Last Khalji ruler, his assassination ended the dynasty.

 Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414)

- Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq (1320–1325): Founder of the Tughlaq dynasty.

- Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325–1351): Known for ambitious reforms and territorial expansion.

- Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388): Stabilized the Sultanate following Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s turbulent reign.

- Subsequent rulers mostly ineffective, weakening the Sultanate.

Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451)

- Khizr Khan (1414–1421): Founded Sayyid dynasty after Timur's invasion.

- Mubarak Shah (1421–1433)

- Muhammad Shah (1434–1445)

- Alam Shah (1445–1451): Last Sayyid ruler, retired leaving power vacuum.

Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)

- Bahlul Lodi (1451–1489): Consolidated control and stabilized Sultanate.

- Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517): Expanded territory and strengthened administration.

- Ibrahim Lodi (1517–1526): Last ruler, defeated by Babur at First Battle of Panipat ending the Sultanate.

These dynasties and rulers defined the Delhi Sultanate's history, marked by territorial expansion, political centralization, and cultural integration. Their reign spanned from 1206 to 1526, culminating in the establishment of the Mughal Empire.

The Delhi Sultanate was a powerful and influential Muslim empire that ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1206 to 1526. 

Established by Turkic Muslim conquerors from Central Asia, the Sultanate significantly shaped the political, social, and cultural landscape of medieval India over its three-century reign.

The foundation of the Sultanate was laid following Muhammad Ghori’s successful defeat of the Rajput king Prithviraj Chauhan in the second Battle of Tarain in 1192. 

Muhammad Ghori’s Turkish slave generals, notably Qutb-ud-din Aibak, inherited and divided his vast territories after his assassination. 

Qutb-ud-din Aibak became the first Sultan of Delhi in 1206, marking the start of the Mamluk or Slave dynasty, the first of five major dynasties to rule the Sultanate.

The Sultanate’s rule extended over vast regions encompassing modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and parts of Nepal, moving beyond the traditional Rajput kingdoms that preceded it. 

The polity brought together diverse cultures, religions, and peoples under a centralized Islamic administration modeled on Quranic law and Persianate court traditions.

Following the Mamluks came the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), which is noted for territorial expansion and military successes under Alauddin Khalji—one of the most powerful rulers who expanded the Sultanate’s domain deep into southern India and repelled Mongol invasions. 

The Khalji period also witnessed administrative reforms and efforts to strengthen centralized control.

The Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414) took control thereafter, governing during the Sultanate's apogee when it reached its greatest territorial extent under Muhammad bin Tughlaq. 

This period attempted ambitious reforms including shifting the capital and introducing new tax regimes, though many of these policies met resistance and caused political instability.

Subsequently, the Sultanate weakened politically and fragmented under the Sayyid (1414–1451) and Lodi (1451–1526) dynasties. The latter culminated in Ibrahim Lodi’s defeat at the hands of Babur in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, ending the Sultanate and ushering in the Mughal Empire.

Besides military and political achievements, the Delhi Sultanate was a crucible of cultural fusion. It facilitated the integration of Persian language, Islamic administrative practices, and Indo-Islamic architecture into India. 

Notably, the Sultanate also resisted Mongol invasions repeatedly, preserving its sovereignty against a major Asian threat.

The Sultanate saw the reign of Razia Sultan (1236–1240), the only female monarch in Islamic Indian history, known for her capable leadership but eventual overthrow due to gender bias and aristocratic opposition. Despite being a Muslim-ruled state, the Sultanate allowed for relative religious coexistence—Hindu officials were often incorporated into the administration, and mass conversions did not occur, though there were episodes of temple destruction and conflict.

Administratively, the Sultanate was marked by a strong central authority vested in the Sultan, supported by ministers responsible for finance, military, foreign affairs, and justice. The Iqta system, a kind of land revenue assignment to military officers, helped maintain the army and administrative control.

Architecturally, the era contributed iconic monuments like the Qutub Minar and numerous mosques, tombs, and forts that demonstrated a blend of Islamic and Indian styles.

Overall, the Delhi Sultanate represents an important chapter in Indian history—characterized by military conquest, political centralization, cultural synthesis, and laying the foundations for subsequent empires. Its legacy shaped not just the medieval political order but also deeply influenced the cultural and religious fabric of the Indian subcontinent for centuries to come.

GST Goods and Services Tax

CGST சட்டம் பிரிவு 2 (52) ன் அடிப்ப டையில், "Goods" என்ற சொல், அனைத்து விதமான அசையும் சொத்தை உள்ளடக்கி யது. தவிர வேறு எந்தவிதமான அசையா சொத்துகளும், ஆனால் செயலுாக்க மான கோரிக்கைகள், வளரும் பயிர்கள், புல் மற்றும் இதர விஷயங்கள் இதில் அடங்கும். பணம், மற்றும் பத்திரங்கள் இதில் அடங்காது.

CGST சட்டம் என்ற பிரிவு 2 (102)ன் அடிப்படையில், "சேவைகள்" என்ற சொல், பொருள் அல்லாத அனைத்தும் அடங்கும்.

சரக்குகள் அல்லது சேவைகள் அனைத்தும் CGST (மையம் மூலம் விதிக் கப்படும்) மற்றும் SGST (மாநிலத்தால் விதிக்கப்படும்) வரியை ஈர்க்கும்.

விற்பனை அல்லாத பொருட்களின் வினியோக முறைகளின் மாற்று வழிமு றையாக இருப்பினும், GST வரி விதிக்கப் படும்: (உதாரணம்)

Stock பரிமாற்றம்,

மற்றொரு இடத்தில் capital நுகர்வு.

முகவருக்கான அதிபரின் மூலம் வேறு எந்த அடிப்படையிலும் வழங்கல்

குறிப்பிட்ட வேலை (Job work) அடிப்ப டையில் வழங்கல் (திரும்பப் பெறும் அடிப்படையில் பணிபுரிந்தால் வரி ஏதுமில்லை),

நன்கொடை, மாதிரி முதலியன போன்ற எந்தவொரு வினியோகமும்.

GST வரியின் கட்டமைப்பு

இரட்டை GSTயை அமல்படுத்துவதற்கு இந்தியா முன் மொழிகிறது. இரட்டை GST முறையில், பொருட்கள் மற்றும் சேவைகளின் அனைத்து பரிமாற்றங்களும் CGST (மத்திய IGST) மற்றும் SGST (மாநில GST) இரண்டு வரிகளை ஈர்க்கும்.

Central Goods and Service Tax (CGST)

மத்திய GST (CGST) தற்போது இருக்கும் மத்திய கலால் வரி மற்றும் சேவை வரியை மாற்றுவதாக எதிர்பார்க்கப் படுகிறது. CGST விற்பனை பரிவர்த்தனை களையும் உள்ளடக்கியது.

State Goods and Service Tax (SGST)

SGST வரி, தற்போது இருக்கும் மாநில அரசால் விதிக்கப்படும் VAT வரி, நுழைவு வரி, Octroi வரி, சொகுசு வரி, பொழுது போக்கு வரி போன்றவற்றை மாற்றிய மைக்கும். SGST சேவைகளுக்கும் விதிக்கப்படும்.

மாநில சேவைகளுக்கு வரி விதிக்க, அரசியலமைப்பு திருத்தம் சட்டம், 2016 பொருத்தமான ஏற்பாடுகள் உள்ளன. SGST மாநில அரசுகள் நிர்வகிக்கும்.

IGST (CGST +SGST க்கு சமமாக இருக்கும்) உள்நாட்டில் வர்த்தக அல்லது வர்த்தகத்தின் போது அனைத்து பொருட் கள் மற்றும் / அல்லது சேவைகளின் மீது விதிக்கப்படும். 2017 ஆம் ஆண்டின் அர சியலமைப்பு திருத்தம் சட்டத்தில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டிருக்கும் பொருட்க ளையோ அல்லது சேவைகளையோ இறக்குமதி செய்வதற்கு IGST பொருந்து கிறது. மேலும் இறுதிக் கட்டத்தில் உள்ளீட்டு வரி சலுகை மற்றும்வரி செலுத்துதல் ஆகியவையும் பயனாக கிடைக்கக்கூடும்.

குறிப்பிட்ட துறைகளில் உண்டாகும் தாக்கம்

1. விவசாயத்தில் நன்மைகள்

இந்தியாவில், உணவுபொருட்க ளின் விலை பொதுவாக மத்திய EXCISEDUTYயில் இருந்து விலக்கு அளிக்கப்படுகிறது. ஆனால், உணவு தானியங்கள் மற்றும் தானியங்கள் உட்பட பல உணவுப் பொருட்களும், மாநில வட்டுகளை, 45 சதவீதத்தில் ஈர்க்கின்றன.

மாநில VAT, பழங்கள் மற்றும் காய்கறிகள், இறைச்சி மற்றும் முட்டைகள், தானியங்கள் ஆகியவற் றிற்கு விலக்கு அளிக்கப்படுகிறது

இந்தபொருட்கள் GST இல் வரிக்கு உட்படலாம், இது 5% (ஒருங்கிணைந்த ஜி.எஸ்.டி விகிதத்தில்) இருக்கும்.

2. வேலை ஒப்பந்தங்கள் & நன்மைகள்

(Works Contract)

பொருள் மற்றும் உழைப்பு சம்பந்தப் பட்ட கலப்பு ஒப்பந்தங்கள் ஆகும். சேவை வழங்குவதற்கு சம்பந்தப்பட்ட பொருள் பகுப்பு மதிப்பு வரி (VAT) க்கு வரி விதிக்கப்படும் சேவை வரி சேவைக்கு பொறுப்பாக இருக்கும். ஒரு புதிய பொருட்கள் உருவாகும்

ஜி.எஸ்.டி., சட்டத்தின் கீழ், சரக்கு கள் மற்றும் சேவைகள் தொடர்பான சேவைகள் மீது ITC உடன் மொத்த ஒப்பந்தத்தில் வேலை ஒப்பந்தம் வரி செலுத்தப்படலாம். இது ஒரு சேவை யாக கருதப்படும். ஸ்டீல், சிமென்ட், மின் பொருட்களை பொறுத்து, பெரும் பாலான மாநிலங்களில் தற்போதைய நிகர வரிகளை ஈடுகட்டும்.

3. குத்தகை நிறுவனங்கள் மீது நன்மைகள்

தற்போது, பயனுள்ள கட்டுப்பாட் டையும், உடைமையையும் மாற்றும் பொருள்களைப் பயன்படுத்துவதற் கான உரிமையை மாற்றினால், அது VAT க்கு உட்பட்டது, இல்லையெனில், சேவை வரிக்கு உட்பட்டது.

ஜி.எஸ்.டி., கீழ் இது ஒரு சேவையாக கருதப்படும்

ஜி.எஸ்.டி., அமல்படுத்துவதற்கு முந்தய நாளில் இருக்கக்கூடிய கையி ருப்பு சரக்கின் வரி தொகையை, 100 சத வீதம் வரி சலுகையாக ஜி.எஸ்.டி.,யில் பெறலாம்.

வியாபாரிகள் ஜி.எஸ்.டி., அமல்படுத்து வதற்கு முன், 12 மாதங்களில் வாங்கிய கை இருப்பு சரக்கின் வரி தொகையை, 100 சதவீதம் வரி சலுகையாக பெறலாம். ஒருவேளை பொருள் வாங்கியதற்காகன ஆவணம் இல்லை எனில், 100 சதவீதத் கிற்கு பதிலாக, 40 சதவீதம் வரிசலுகை பாக பெறலாம்.

ஜி.எஸ்.டி.,க்கு முன் பதிவு செய்யப் படாத, பதிவிலிருந்து விலக்கு அளிக் கப்பட்ட வியாபாரிகள் மற்றும் சேவை புரிபவர்கள் ஜி.எஸ்.டி., அமல்படுத்து வதற்கு முந்தைய நளில் இருக்க கூடிய கையிருப்பு சரக்கின் வரி தொகையை, 100 சதவீதம் வரி சலுகையாக ஜி.எஸ்.டி.,யில் பெறலாம்.

தற்போது கலவை நிலை மூலம் சலுகை வரி செலுத்துவோர் ஜி.எஸ்.டி.,யில் சாதாரண வரி நிலைமை, தேர்வு செய்தால், அவர்களுக்கும் கையிருப்பு சரக்கின், 100 சதவீதம் வரி சலுகை கிடைக்க பெறும்.

கையிருப்பு சரக்கை jop work வேலைக்கு, வேறொரு இடத்திற்கு அனுப்பி இருப்பின், அந்த சரக்கு ஜி.எஸ்.டி., அமல்படுத்திய தேதியிலிருந்து, 180 நாட் களுக்குள் திருப்பி அனுப்பப்பட்டிருக்க வேண்டும்; தவறினால் பொருட்களை அனுப்பியவர் ஜி.எஸ்.டி., வரி செலுத்த வேண்டும்.

தற்போது சேவை வரிகளின் கீழ் மூன்று மாதங்களுக்கள் சேவைகளுக்கு பணம் செலுத்தாத போது, உள்ளீட்டு வரி சலுகை கிடைக்க பெறாது. ஆனால், ஜி.எஸ். டி., அமல்படுத்தப்பட்ட பின், மூன்று மாதங்களுக்குள் சேவைகளுக்கான பணம் செலுத்தி விடாமல், ஐ.டி.சி., பெற முடியும்.

ஜி.எஸ்.டி., அமல்படுத்துவதற்கு, ஆறு மாதத்திற்குள் விற்பனை செய்யப்பட்ட பொருள், ஜி.எஸ்.டி., அமல்படுத்தப் பட்ட பின் திரும்ப பெற பெற்றால் (ஆறு மாதத்திற்குள்) அதற்கு ஜி.எஸ்.டி., வரி இல்லை. ஆனால், ஜி.எஸ்.டி.. பதிவு செய்யப்பட்ட நபர் வாங்கிய பொருட் களை திருப்பி அளித்தால் அதற்கு ஜி.எஸ். டி., வரி உண்டு.

மேலே கூறப்பட்ட அனைத்து வரி சலுகைகளையும் பெறுவதற்கு, உரிய நேரத்தில் குறித்த தகவல்களை தாக்கல் செய்ய வேண்டும்.

மத்திய அரசால் தற்போது விதிக்கப்படும் பின்வரும் வரிகள் நீக்க பெற்று, ஜி.எஸ்.டி., அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.

மத்தய கலால் வரி

கலால் வரிகள்

கூடுதல் கலால் வரிகள்

முக் சிறப்பு கூடுதல் கலால் வரி

சேவை வரி மாநில அரசால் விதிக் கப்படும்.

மதிப்பு கூட்டு வரி

மத்திய விற்பனை வரி

ஆடம்பர வரி

நுழைவு வரி

பொழுது போக்கு மற்றும் கேளிக்கை வரி

கொள்முதல் வரி

குலுக்கல்சீட்டு, பந்தயம் மற்றும் சூதாட்டம் மீதான வரி.

போன்றவை அனைத்தும் ஜி.எஸ்.டி., வரிக்குள் ஐக்கியமாகி விடும்.

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