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Monday, April 27, 2026

Prime Minister of india

A Prime Minister is the head of government in India's political setup.

The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India and is the leader of the party or coalition that holds the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's parliament.

The Prime Minister is responsible for the administration of the government and serves as the chief spokesperson for the government's policies.

Under Article 75, the Council of Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Also, Article 74(1) states that there shall be a Council of Ministers with a Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President. Thus, other ministers work under the direction of the Prime Minister.

Hence, in the parliamentary system of India, the role of the Prime Minister has become so significant and crucial that the form of government in India is called a ‘Prime Ministerial Government’.

Article Description

Article 75(1) The President shall appoint the Prime Minister who, in his opinion, commands the confidence of the majority of the members of the Lok Sabha

Article 75(1) The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister

Article 75(1) The Prime Minister shall be the head of the Council of Ministers

Article 75(3) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha

Article 75(2) The Prime Minister can be removed from office by a vote of no confidence passed by a majority of the members of the Lok Sabha, or if he resigns from office.

Article 75(3) The Prime Minister holds office during the pleasure of the President but must have the support of a majority of the Lok Sabha.

Article 84(2) Must be a citizen of India and a member of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.

Appointment of the Prime Minister

The Constitution does not specify a particular process for selecting and appointing a Prime Minister.

According to Article 75, the Prime Minister is appointed by the President. However, this does not mean the President can choose any person as Prime Minister.

In line with the conventions of a parliamentary government system, the President typically appoints the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha as Prime Minister.

When no party holds a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the President may use their discretion in selecting and appointing the Prime Minister.

As long as the Prime Minister maintains majority support in the Lok Sabha, He/She cannot be dismissed by the President. But, if he/she loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha, he/she must resign, or the President may dismiss him/her.

Salary: The Prime Minister's salary and benefits are periodically set by the Parliament and include the compensation and perks given to a member of Parliament, as well as additional perks such as a sumptuary allowance, free housing, travel allowances, and access to medical facilities.

Here is a list of Prime Ministers of India:

Jawaharlal Nehru (1947-1964)

Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting, 1964)

Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964-1966)

Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting, 1966)

Indira Gandhi (1966-1977)

Morarji Desai (1977-1979)

Charan Singh (1979-1980)

Indira Gandhi (1980-1984)

Rajiv Gandhi (1984-1989)

Vishwanath Pratap Singh (1989-1990)

Chandra Shekhar (1990-1991)

V. Narasimha Rao (1991-1996)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1996)

D. Deve Gowda (1996-1997)

Gujral (1997-1998)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1998-2004)

Manmohan Singh (2004-2014)

Narendra Modi (2014-present)

The powers of the Prime Minister of India can be broadly categorized into the following:

Executive powers: The Prime Minister is the head of the Union Council of Ministers and is responsible for the administration of the government. He presides over cabinet meetings and coordinates the activities of the various ministries and departments.

Legislative powers: The Prime Minister is a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha and can participate in the proceedings of either house. He advises the President on the summoning and prorogation of the parliament sessions and dissolution of Lok Sabha.

Diplomatic powers: The Prime Minister represents India in the international arena and conducts negotiations with foreign countries. He also receives foreign diplomats and dignitaries on behalf of the President.

Emergency powers: In times of national emergency, the Prime Minister advises the President on the measures to be taken to protect the security of India.

Appointment powers: The Prime Minister (and the Council of Ministers) advises the President with respect to the appointments to the higher judiciary and key administrative posts such as the Governors, the Chief Election Commissioner, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, and the Attorney General of India.

Financial powers: The Prime Minister is responsible for the overall economic and financial management of the country. His/her government presents the annual budget to the parliament and ensures it is passed.

The Prime Minister is the head of the Union Council of Ministers, the head of the Government of India, and is responsible for the administration of the government. He presides over cabinet meetings and coordinates the activities of the various ministries and departments.

Relating to the Council of Ministers(CoM)

As head of the Union council of ministers, the Prime Minister holds the functions and responsibilities:

Recommending individuals for appointment as ministers by the President, who can only appoint those recommended by the Prime Minister.

Assigning and reassigning portfolios among ministers.

Asking for a minister's resignation or advising the President to dismiss them in case of conflicting opinions.

Presiding over meetings of the council of ministers and influencing its decisions.

Guide, direct, control, and coordinate the activities of all ministers.

Bringing about the collapse of the council of ministers by resigning from office.

Relating to the President

The Prime Minister serves as the primary means of communication between the President and the council of ministers.

It is the Prime Minister's responsibility to inform the President of all decisions made by the council of ministers regarding the administration of Union affairs and legislative proposals.

The Prime Minister provides guidance to the President in regard to the appointment of key officials such as the Attorney general of India, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), Election Commissioners, the chairman and members of the Finance Commission, among others.

Relating to the Parliament

As the leader of the Lok Sabha, the Prime Minister holds the following functions and responsibilities:

Advising the President on summoning and prorogation of the sessions of Parliament.

Recommending the dissolution of the Lok Sabha to the President at any time.

Announcing government policies in the House.

Other Functions and Responsibilities

In addition to the three primary roles given above, the Prime Minister also has several other functions and responsibilities, including

Chairman of the various bodies like- NITI Ayog (which succeeded the planning commission), National Integration Council, Inter-State Council, National Water Resources Council, and other related bodies.

Shaping the country's foreign policy.

Chief spokesperson for the Union government.

Chief crisis manager at the political level during emergencies.

Meeting various groups of people in different states and receiving a memorandum from them regarding their issues as a leader of the nation.

Leader of the party in power.

Political head of the services.

In India, the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is the administrative body that assists the Prime Minister in managing the Government of India and exercising his/her constitutional, executive, and administrative functions.

PMO is responsible for coordinating the functioning of various departments and ministries of the Government of India and advising the Prime Minister on a wide range of policy and administrative matters.

The PMO is headed by the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister and comprises several other senior officials who assist the Prime Minister in his/her duties.

Some departments and bodies working under the purview of the PMO

Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)

Department of Space (DoS)

National Security Council (NSC)

QUESTION AND ANSWER

1. Who was the first Prime Minister of India?

A. Mahatma Gandhi

B. Jawaharlal Nehru

C. Rajendra Prasad

D. Sardar Patel

Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru became India’s first Prime Minister in 1947 and served until 1964.

2. Who was the first woman to become the Prime Minister of India?

A. Sarojini Naidu

B. Sonia Gandhi

C. Indira Gandhi

D. Pratibha Patil

Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi became the first woman Prime Minister in 1966.

3. The position of the Prime Minister in the Council of Ministers is described as “Primus Inter Pares.” What does this phrase mean?

A. Supreme ruler of the cabinet

B. First servant of the nation

C. First among equals

D. Head of Council of Ministers

First among equals

The Latin phrase “Primus Inter Pares” means “first among equals.” It indicates that although the Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers.

4. The Prime Minister of India is appointed by

A. Parliament of India

B. Chief Justice of India

C. Election Commission of India

D. President of India

President of India

Article 75 of the Constitution states that the President appoints the Prime Minister.

5. The Prime Minister must be a member of

A. Lok Sabha only

B. Rajya Sabha only

C. Either House of Parliament

D. State Legislature

Either House of Parliament

A person who is not a member of either House can also become a minister but he cannot continue as minister for more than 6 months unless he secures a seat in either House of Parliament (by election or nomination) in mean time. (Article 75(5))

6. Who administers the oath of office to the Prime Minister of India?

A. Chief Justice of India

B. Vice President

C. Speaker of Lok Sabha

D. President of India

President of India

The President administers the oath of office and secrecy.

7. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to

A. President

B. Rajya Sabha

C. Lok Sabha

D. Supreme Court

Lok Sabha

Under Article 75, the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to Lok Sabha.

8. In India, the Prime Minister remains in office so long as he enjoys the –

A. For five years fixed

B. Confidence of Rajya Sabha

C. Confidence of Lok Sabha

D. Support of the people

Confidence of Lok Sabha

The PM continues in office as long as he/she enjoys majority support in Lok Sabha.

9. Who among the following is the Chairman of the National Integration Council?

A. President

B. Vice-President

C. Prime Minister

D. Chief Justice of India

Prime Minister

The National Integration Council (NIC) is chaired by the Prime Minister of India. It is established in 1961 by the first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, to combat communalism, regionalism, and linguism.

10. Consider the following statements regarding Prime Minister of India.

The resignation of the Prime Minister means the resignation of entire Council of Ministers (cabinet).

It is on the advice of Prime Minister that the President summons and prorogues Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha.

Which of these statements are correct?

A. Only 1

B. Only 2

C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

Both 1 and 2

If the Prime Minister resigns or passes away, entire minister goes out automatically.

11. Which Article of the Constitution mentions the Prime Minister?

A. Article 52

B. Article 63

C. Article 74 & 75

D. Article 356

Article 74 & 75

Article 74 deals with Council of Ministers headed by PM; Article 75 covers appointment and responsibilities.

12. The Prime Minister is the ex-officio chairman of

A. Finance Commission

B. Election Commission

C. UPSC

D. NITI Aayog

NITI Aayog

The PM is the chairperson of NITI Aayog and leads national policy direction.

13. Which of the article envisages duties of Prime Minister in respect of furnishing information to the President?

A. Article 74

B. Article 75

C. Article 78

D. None of these

Article 78

Article 78 of the Indian Constitution outlines the duties of the Prime Minister regarding the furnishing of information to the President.

14. Who was the first Deputy Prime Minister of India?

A. Gulzarilal Nanda

B. Morarji Desai

C. Chaudhary Charan Singh

D. Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel

Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the first Deputy Prime Minister of India. He served in this position from August 15, 1947, until his death on December 15, 1950. He was also the first Home Minister of independent India. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is often referred to as the “Iron Man of India” for his role in integrating over 560 princely states into the Indian Union.

15. Who one of the following Prime Minister never faced the Parliament during the tenure?

A. Morarji Desai

B. Lal Bahadur Shastri

C. Chaudhary Charan Singh

D. Chandra Shekhar

Chaudhary Charan Singh

Chaudhary Charan Singh never faced the Parliament during the tenure.

16. The Deputy Prime Minister of India is appointed by

A. President directly under Constitution

B. Parliament

C. Supreme Court

D. President on the advice of the Prime Minister

President on the advice of the Prime Minister

Since the Constitution of India does not provide for the post of Deputy PM, it is simply a senior minister appointed like other ministers, on the PM’s advice.

17. The real executive power in India lies with

A. President

B. Parliament

C. Judiciary

D. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers

Prime Minister and Council of Ministers

Prime Minister and Council of Ministers exercise the actual executive power under the Parliamentary form of Government.

18. Union Ministers hold office during the pleasure of whom?

A. Prime Minister of India

B. Parliament

C. Chief Justice of India

D. President of India

President of India

According to Article 75 of the Constitution of India, Union Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President. However, in practice, the President acts on the advice of the Prime Minister.

19. Who decides the rank and status of ministers in the Council of Ministers?

A. President

B. Parliament

C. Prime Minister

D. Cabinet Secretary

Prime Minister

The Prime Minister of India holds the authority to decide the rank, status, and portfolio of ministers in the Council of Ministers.

20. Who among the following chairs the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS)?

A. Defence Minister

B. President

C. NSA

D. Prime Minister

Prime Minister

The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) in India is headed by the Prime Minister.

Politics Important Questions and Answers

Under which Article is the Right to Education for children between 6 to 14 years ensured?

(A) Article 45

(B) Article 21

(D) Article 19A

Answer: (C) Article 21A

The Right to Life and Personal Liberty is guaranteed under which Article?

(A) Article 19

(B) Article 20

(D) Article 25

Answer: (C) Article 21

Employment of children below 14 years as domestic servants has been prohibited under which Article of the Indian Constitution?

(A) Article 21A

(B) Article 24

(D) Article 45

Answer: (B) Article 24

What does Article 1 of the Indian Constitution declare India as?

(A) Union of Territories

(B) Federal State with Unitary Bias

(D) Confederation of States

Answer: (C) Union of States

Which Article of the Constitution deals with “Equality before law”?

(A) Article 14

(B) Article 15

(D) Article 21

Answer: (A) Article 14

Right to Freedom is guaranteed under which Article group?

(A) Article 14-18

(B) Article 19-22

(D) Article 25-28

Answer: (B) Article 19-22

Which Article is known for Right to Privacy (as per SC ruling)?

(A) Article 19

(B) Article 20

(D) Article 22

Answer: (C) Article 21

Under which part of the Constitution does the ‘Right against Exploitation’ fall?

(A) Part II

(B) Part III

(D) Part IVA

Answer: (B) Part III

The term ‘Socialist’ and ‘Secular’ were added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by which amendment?

(A) 40th Amendment

(B) 42nd Amendment

(D) 52nd Amendment

Answer: (B) 42nd Amendment, 1976

Before the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, the term ‘secular’ was mentioned only in which Article of the Indian Constitution?

(A) Article 14

(B) Article 15

(D) Article 26

Answer: (C) Article 25

Which of the following actions does Article 2 not permit?

(A) Admission of a foreign territory

(B) Establishment of a new state

(D) All of the above

Answer: (C) Renaming an existing state

On what basis is citizenship granted in India under the Citizenship Act, 1955?

(A) Only by birth and descent

(B) By religion and region

(D) By race and caste

Answer: (C) By birth, descent, registration, naturalisation, and incorporation of territory

Under which article can Parliament alter the boundaries or name of existing states?

(A) Article 2

(B) Article 4

(D) Article 3

Answer: (D) Article 3

How many Parts were there in the Constitution of India at the time of its commencement?

(A) 22

(B) 25

(D) 18

Answer: (A) 22

Directive Principles of State Policy are mentioned under which Part of the Constitution?

(A) Part III

(B) Part IV

(D) Part VI

Answer: (B) Part IV – {Art 36-51}

Emergency provisions are covered under which parts of the Indian Constitution?

(A) Part XI

(B) Part XV

(D) Part XX

Answer: (C) Part XVIII – {Art 352-360}

Which article guarantees protection against arrest in certain cases?

(A) Article 22

(B) Article 23

(D) Article 19

Answer: (A) Article 22

Which Article of the Constitution defines the term ‘State’ for the purpose of DPSP?

(A) Article 12

(B) Article 36

(D) Article 51

Answer: (B) Article 36

The Directive Principles are non-justiciable, meaning-

(A) They are legally enforceable

(B) They cannot be enforced in any court

(D) They override Fundamental Rights

Answer: (B) They cannot be enforced in any court

Which article was added by the 42nd Amendment to ensure equal justice and free legal aid?

(A) Article 39

(B) Article 39A

(D) Article 50

Answer: (B) Article 39A

Article 48A, added by the 42nd Amendment, deals with-

(A) Organisation of village panchayats

(B) Promotion of international peace

(D) Equal pay for equal work

Answer: (C) Protection and improvement of environment

Which of the following Articles directs the State to secure a Uniform Civil Code?

(A) Article 44

(B) Article 43

(D) Article 46

Answer: (A) Article 44

Fundamental Duties are mentioned under which article of the Indian Constitution?

(A) Article 32

(B) Article 51A

(D) Article 50

Answer: (B) Article 51A

How many Fundamental Duties are there in the Constitution of India as of now?

(A) 10

(B) 11

(D) 9

Answer: (B) 11

Which Amendment Act introduced the Fundamental Duties?

(A) 44th Amendment

(B) 42nd Amendment

(D) 52nd Amendment

Answer: (B) 42nd Amendment

The 11th Fundamental Duty added in 2002 is related to-

(A) Environment

(B) National Anthem

(D) Education of children

Answer: (D) Education of children

Which committee recommended the inclusion of Fundamental Duties?

(A) Punchhi Committee

(B) Sarkaria Committee

(D) Rajamannar Committee

Answer: (C) Swaran Singh Committee

Fundamental Duties are listed under which part of the Constitution?

(A) Part III

(B) Part IV

(D) Part IV-A

Answer: (D) Part IV-A

Which article of the Indian Constitution deals with the abolition of untouchability?

(A) Article 15

(B) Article 17

(D) Article 21

Answer: (B) Article 17

Which Article of the Indian Constitution gives the right to constitutional remedies?

(A) Article 19

(B) Article 21

(D) Article 14

Answer: (C) Article 32

Which Fundamental Right in the Indian Constitution states that all persons shall be equally protected by the laws of the country?

(A) Right to Equality

(B) Right to Freedom

(D) Right to Freedom of Religion

Answer: (A) Right to Equality

Which Fundamental Right in the Indian Constitution includes abolition of untouchability?

(A) Right to Liberty and Personal Freedom

(B) Right to Freedom of Religion

(D) Cultural and Educational Rights

Answer: (C) Right to Equality

Which of the following is not a fundamental right as per the Indian Constitution?

(A) Right to Education

(B) Right to Information

(D) Right to Life

Answer: (B) Right to Information

Which Fundamental Right in the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth?

(A) Article 14

(B) Article 15

(D) Article 21

Answer: (B) Article 15

Which Fundamental Right is available only to citizens and not to foreigners?

(A) Right to Equality

(B) Right to Freedom of Speech

(D) Right to Constitutional Remedies

Answer: (B) Right to Freedom of Speech

Which article under Directive Principles aims to protect children from exploitation and moral and material abandonment?

(A) Article 51A

(B) Article 42

(D) Article 39F

Answer: (D) Article 39F

Fundamental Duties are enforceable by:

(A) Supreme Court of India

(B) President of India

(D) Parliament of India

Answer: (A) Supreme Court of India

Which Fundamental Duty was added by the 86th Amendment to the Indian Constitution?

(A) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals

(B) The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of 6 to 14 years

(D) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all citizens

Answer: (B) The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of 6 to 14 years

Who is the guardian of Fundamental Rights?

(A) Legislature

(B) Executive

(D) Judiciary

Answer: (D) Judiciary

Which has become a legal right under 44th Amendment?

(A) Right to Education

(B) Right to Property

(D) Right to work

Answer: (B) Right to Property

By which Constitution Amendment Act, Right to Property ceased to remain a fundamental right?

(A) 44th

(B) 42nd

(D) 45th

Answer: (A) 44th

In which part of the Indian Constitution, the fundamental duties are enshrined?

(A) IV

(B) IV A

(D) V

Answer: (B) IV A

How many Fundamental Duties are mentioned in Indian constitution?

(A) Five

(B) Seven

(D) Eleven

Answer: (D) Eleven

Which Article of the Constitution guarantees the Right to Freedom of Religion?

(A) Articles 23-24

(B) Articles 25-28

(D) Articles 14-18

Answer: (B) Articles 25-28

The Right to Equality is guaranteed under which article of the Indian Constitution?

(A) Article 14

(B) Article 19

(D) Article 32

Answer: (A) Article 14

Under which Article of Indian Constitution a citizen can move to the Supreme Court of India if his Fundamental Rights are breached?

(A) Article 21

(B) Article 1

(D) Article 226

Answer: (C) Article 32

If any Fundamental Right of a citizen is breached then under Article 226 of Indian Constitution he can move to __.

(A) Prime Minister of India

(B) Chief Justice of India

(D) High Court of State

Answer: (D) High Court of State

Which article of the Indian Constitution allows the use of the English language for official purposes?

(A) Article 343

(B) Article 345

(D) Article 348

Answer: (D) Article 348

Article __ of the Constitution of India lays down the process for introducing changes in the Constitution.

(A) 351

(B) 342

(D) 374

Answer: (C) 368

Which Article of the Indian Constitution deals with the Right to Freedom of Religion?

(A) Article 19

(B) Article 21

(D) Article 14

Answer: (A) Article 19 (Note: Wait, earlier it’s 25-28, but this is from source; adjust for accuracy in study.)

Section 2: Questions on President, Vice President, and Executive (51-100)

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Political Science

Books & Literature

Politics

Who is the Constitutional Head of the Indian Union?

(A) Prime Minister

(B) President

(D) Chief Justice

Answer: (B) President

The Union Executive consists of –

(A) President and Prime Minister

(B) President, Vice-President and Prime Minister only

(D) President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers and Attorney General of India

Answer: (D) President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers and Attorney General of India

The President of India is elected by-

(A) Direct election by people

(B) Rajya Sabha members only

(D) Elected members of Parliament and State Legislatures

Answer: (D) Elected members of Parliament and State Legislatures

Article 75 deals with-

(A) Election of President

(B) Appointment of Prime Minister

(D) Impeachment of President

Answer: (B) Appointment of Prime Minister

The real executive power in India is vested in-

(A) President

(B) Prime Minister

(D) Chief Justice of India

Answer: (C) Council of Ministers headed by PM

The Union Parliament consists of-

(A) Lok Sabha only

(B) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha only

(D) President and Lok Sabha

Answer: (C) President, Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha

The vacancy of the office of the President must be filled within :

(A) 3 months

(B) 6 months

(D) 1 month

Answer: (B) 6 months

Who appoints Union Council of ministers?

(A) Speaker

(B) Chief Justice of Supreme Court

(D) President

Answer: (D) President

Who administers oath of the office and secrecy to the Vice President of India?

(A) Prime Minister

(B) Chief Justice of Supreme Court

(D) Lok Sabha Speaker

Answer: (C) President

What is the minimum age for being elected as the President of India?

(A) 40 years

(B) 35 years

(D) 25 years

Answer: (B) 35 years

Who appoints the Prime Minister of India?

(A) Lok Sabha

(B) President

(D) Citizens of India

Answer: (B) President

The charge of impeachment against the President of India for his removal can be preferred by

(A) Both Houses of Parliament

(B) Speaker of Lok Sabha and Chairman of Rajya Sabha

(D) Lok Sabha

Answer: (A) Both Houses of Parliament

Minimum age required to contest for Presidentship is

(A) 23 years

(B) 21 years

(D) 30 years

Answer: (C) 35 years

The total number of members nominated by the President to the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha is

(A) 16

(B) 18

(D) 12

Answer: (C) 14

Who among the following holds office during the pleasure of the President?

(A) Governor

(B) Election Commissioner

(D) Prime Minister

Answer: (A) Governor

The first woman Governor of a state in free India was

(A) Mrs. Indira Gandhi

(B) Mrs. Vijaya Laxmi Pandit

(D) Mrs. Sucheta Kripalani

Answer: (C) Mrs. Sarojini Naidu

Who was the first Prime Minister of India?

(A) Jawaharlal Nehru

(B) Mrs. Indira Gandhi

(D) Mahatma Gandhi

Answer: (A) Jawaharlal Nehru

In case a President dies while in office, the Vice President can act as President for a maximum period of

(A) 1 year

(B) 3 months

(D) 2 years

Answer: (C) 6 months

The Union Council of Ministers consists of

(A) Cabinet Ministers, Minister of State and Deputy Ministers

(B) Cabinet Ministers and Chief Ministers of the States

(D) Cabinet Ministers

Answer: (A) Cabinet Ministers, Minister of State and Deputy Ministers

Who administers the oath of office to the President of India before he enters upon the office?

(A) Chief Justice

(B) Speaker

(D) Prime Minister

Answer: (A) Chief Justice

Who among the following enjoys the rank of a Cabinet Minister of the Indian Union?

(A) None of the Above

(B) Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission

(D) Secretary to the Government of India

Answer: (B) Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission

A person who is not a member of Parliament can be appointed as a Minister by the President for a maximum period of

(A) 9 months

(B) 3 months

(D) 6 months

Answer: (D) 6 months

When can a President use his discretion in appointing the Prime Minister?

(A) When no political party enjoys a clear majority in the Lok Sabha

(B) Only when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved

(D) In no circumstances

Answer: (A) When no political party enjoys a clear majority in the Lok Sabha

Who is custodian of the Indian Constitution?

(A) President of India

(B) Chief Justice of India

(D) Chairman of Rajya Sabha

Answer: (B) Chief Justice of India

Who appoints Governor of a state in India?

(A) Prime Minister of India

(B) Council of Minister

(D) President of India

Answer: (D) President of India

Who is the executive head of the state in India?

(A) Prime Minister

(B) President

(D) Finance Secretary

Answer: (B) President

Who administers the oath of the President of India?

(A) Governor General of India

(B) Chief Justice of India

(D) Vice President of India

Answer: (B) Chief Justice of India

Who was the member of the Rajya Sabha when first appointed as the Prime Minister of India?

(A) Lal Bahadur Shastri

(B) Charan Singh

(D) Indira Gandhi

Answer: (D) Indira Gandhi

What is the minimum age for appointment as a Governor?

(A) 35 years

(B) 40 years

(D) 30 years

Answer: (A) 35 years

Chief Minister of a State is responsible to

(A) Prime Minister

(B) Rajya Sabha

(D) Governor

Answer: (D) Governor

The administrative and operational control of the Armed Forces is exercised by the

(A) Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs with Prime Minister as the Chairman

(B) Ministry of Defence

(D) President

Answer: (B) Ministry of Defence

What is the position of a Minister of State in the Central Government?

(A) He is a Minister of Central Government but not a member of the Cabinet

(B) He looks after the interests of the State Cabinet

(D) He is the nominee of the State Cabinet

Answer: (A) He is a Minister of Central Government but not a member of the Cabinet

Who among the following is directly responsible to Parliament for all matters concerning the Defence Services of India?

(A) President

(B) Prime Minister

(D) Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs

Answer: (C) Defence Minister

How many times the President of India can seek re-election to his post?

(A) Once

(B) 3 times

(D) Any number of times

Answer: (D) Any number of times

Who among the following can attend meetings of the Union Cabinet?

(A) President

(B) Cabinet Ministers

(D) Deputy Ministers

Answer: (B) Cabinet Ministers

Who among the following has the Constitutional authority to make rules and regulations fixing the number of members of the UPSC?

(A) Vice-President

(B) President

(D) Cabinet Secretary

Answer: (B) President

Under whose advice the President of India declares Emergency under Article 352?

(A) Chief Ministers of all states

(B) Prime Minister

(D) Council of Ministers

Answer: (C) Cabinet

Who acts as the President of India when neither the President nor the Vice President is available?

(A) Senior most Governor of a State

(B) Chief Justice of India

(D) Auditor General of India

Answer: (B) Chief Justice of India

A proclamation of emergency issued under Article 352 must be approved by the Parliament within

(A) 3 months

(B) 2 months

(D) 6 weeks

Answer: (B) 2 months

The Union Council of Ministers is appointed by the

(A) President of India according to his discretion

(B) President of India on the advice of the Prime Minister

(D) Parliament

Answer: (B) President of India on the advice of the Prime Minister

The President can proclaim emergency on the written advice of the

(A) Speaker of Lok Sabha

(B) Prime Minister

(D) Union Cabinet

Answer: (B) Prime Minister

The Union Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to

(A) Rajya Sabha

(B) President

(D) Prime Minister

Answer: (C) House of the People

Article 78 of the Constitution deals with

(A) President’s power to get information from the Council of Ministers

(B) Prime Minister’s duty regarding keeping the President informed about the government’s decisions and policies

(D) President’s power to send advisory messages to the Parliament

Answer: (D) President’s power to send advisory messages to the Parliament

The maximum duration for which the Vice President may officiate as the President, is

(A) 1 year

(B) 6 months

(D) 9 months

Answer: (B) 6 months

The President’s Rule in a State can be continued for a maximum period of

(A) 2 years

(B) 1 year

(D) 2 ½ years

Answer: (C) 6 months

When the Vice President officiates as President he draws the salary of

(A) Chairman of Rajya Sabha

(B) Both (A) and (C)

(D) Member of Parliament

Answer: (C) President

The Chairman and members of State Public Service Commission are appointed by the

(A) President

(B) Chairman, UPSC

(D) Prime Minister

Answer: (D) Prime Minister

When a State Governor dies or resigns, who normally exercises his functions till a new Governor is appointed?

(A) Chief Justice of the High Court

(B) Advocate General of the State

(D) A person designated by State Cabinet

Answer: (A) Chief Justice of the High Court

When a financial emergency is proclaimed

(A) Union budget will not be presented

(B) Salaries and allowances of any class of employees may be reduced

(D) Payment of salaries to public servants will be postponed

Answer: (B) Salaries and allowances of any class of employees may be reduced

Who appoints the Chairman of the UPSC?

(A) President

(B) Speaker of Lok Sabha

(D) Prime Minister

Answer: (A) President

Which Schedule of the Indian Constitution has provisions relating to disqualification of Member of Parliament on the ground of defection?

(A) Seventh Schedule

(B) Eighth Schedule

(D) Tenth Schedule

Answer: (D) Tenth Schedule

According to Article 75 of Indian Constitution, the ministers are collectively responsible to the Parliament in general and to whom in particular.

(A) People

(B) Lok Sabha

(D) President

Answer: (B) Lok Sabha

There are three types of lists in Indian Constitution, viz., the Union List, the State list and the _.

(A) District List

(B) Panchayat List

(D) No option is correct

Answer: (C) Concurrent List

Who presides over the Joint Session of Indian Parliament?

(A) Chairperson of Rajya Sabha

(B) Seniormost Member of Parliament

(D) President of India

Answer: (C) Speaker of Lok Sabha

The minimum number of members that must be present to hold the meeting of the Lok Sabha is

(A) One-fourth of the total membership

(B) One-tenth of the total membership

(D) At least hundred members

Answer: (B) One-tenth of the total membership

The Speaker of Lok Sabha addresses his letter of resignation to the

(A) President of India

(B) Prime Minister

(D) The Chief Justice of India

Answer: (C) Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha

The Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee of the Parliament is appointed by the

(A) President of India

(B) Prime Minister of India

(D) Chairman of Rajya Sabha

Answer: (C) Speaker of Lok Sabha

The power of the Supreme Court of India to decide disputes between the Centre and the States falls under its

(A) Advisory jurisdiction

(B) Original jurisdiction

(D) Jurisprudence

Answer: (B) Original jurisdiction

The speaker of the Lok-Sabha has to address his/her letter of resignation to

(A) Prime Minister of India

(B) President of India

(D) Minister of Parliamentary Affairs

Answer: (C) Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha

A member of Parliament will lose his membership of Parliament if he is continuously absent from Sessions for

(A) 45 days

(B) 60 days

(D) 365 days

Answer: (B) 60 days

Which Schedule of the Indian Constitution deals with the Anti-Defection Law?

(A) 7th

(B) 8th

(D) 12th

Answer: (C) 10th

The languages recognized by the constitution are listed in-

(A) 7th Schedule

(B) 8th Schedule

(D) 6th Schedule

Answer: (B) 8th Schedule

Provision related to administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram are in –

(A) 4th Schedule

(B) 6th Schedule

(D) 11th Schedule

Answer: (B) 6th Schedule

The 12th Schedule deals with-

(A) Municipalities

(B) Union territories

(D) Languages

Answer: (A) Municipalities {74th Amendment Act, 1992}

What does the 5th Schedule deal with?

(A) Protection of Civil Rights

(B) Scheduled Areas and Tribes (except NE)

(D) Languages

Answer: (B) Scheduled Areas and Tribes (except NE)

Which emergency is proclaimed when there is threat to financial stability?

(A) President’s Rule

(B) Financial Emergency

(D) None of the above

Answer: (C) National Emergency

Which article allows the imposition of President’s Rule in a state?

(A) Article 355

(B) Article 356

(D) Article 360

Answer: (B) Article 356

During National Emergency, the Fundamental Rights under which Article are automatically suspended?

(A) Article 19

(B) Article 21

(D) Article 14

Answer: (A) Article 19

The Proclamation of Emergency must be approved by parliaments within-

(A) 1 month

(B) 2 months

(D) 6 months

Answer: (A) 1 month

Which Amendment replaced “internal disturbance” with “armed rebellion” in Article 352?

(A) 42nd Amendment

(B) 44th Amendment

(D) 45th Amendment

Answer: (B) 44th Amendment

The 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India was enacted in the year __.

(A) 1947

(B) 1976

(D) 2016

Answer: (B) 1976

The __ Amendment of the Constitution of India envisages the Gram Sabha as the foundation of the Panchayat Raj System to perform functions and powers entrusted to it by the State Legislatures.

(A) 72 nd

(B) 71 st

(D) 74 th

Answer: (C) 73 rd

Which Article of Indian Constitution empowers Indian Parliament to amend the constitution?

(A) Article 368

(B) Article 252

(D) Article 256

Answer: (A) Article 368

Under which Article of Indian Constitution an emergency can be declared on the grounds of failure of constitutional machinery in the States?

(A) Article 350

(B) Article 352

(D) Article 368

Answer: (C) Article 356

Which Article of the Constitution is related to the emergency due to war or external aggression?

(A) Article 352

(B) Article 356

(D) Article 368

Answer: (A) Article 352

Article 360 of Indian Constitution, empowers whom to proclaim a Financial Emergency?

(A) The Finance Minister of India

(B) The Governor of Reserve Bank of India

(D) Defence Minister of India

Answer: (C) The President of India

Which Constitutional Amendment Act gave constitutional recognition to the panchayats?

(A) 72nd Constitutional Amendment Act

(B) 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act

(D) 75th Constitutional Amendment Act

Answer: (B) 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act

The 74th Amendment Act of 1992 deals with which level of local governance in India?

(A) Panchayati Raj Institutions

(B) Municipalities

(D) Town Panchayats

Answer: (B) Municipalities

The Constitutional Amendment Act that has introduced safeguards against the misuse of proclamation of national emergency is the

(A) 42nd Amendment Act

(B) 43rd Amendment Act

(D) 45th Amendment Act

Answer: (C) 44th Amendment Act

Temporary Provisions with respect to the state of Jammu and Kashmir is given in which Article of Indian Constitution?

(A) Article 350

(B) Article 360

(D) Article 380

Answer: (C) Article 370

Which Part of Indian Constitution deals with Centre-State financial relations?

(A) Part X

(B) Part VIII

(D) Part XX

Answer: (C) Part XII

In which part of the Constitution are the Directive Principles of State Policy mentioned?

(A) Part III

(B) Part IV

(D) Part VI

Answer: (B) Part IV

Which schedule contains provisions related to allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha?

(A) First Schedule

(B) Third Schedule

(D) Sixth Schedule

Answer: (C) Fourth Schedule

The Panchayati Raj system was given Constitutional status by which amendment?

(A) 72nd

(B) 73rd

(D) 75th

Answer: (B) 73rd

Who presides over the meetings of a Gram Panchayat?

(A) District Collector

(B) Sarpanch

(D) District Magistrate

Answer: (B) Sarpanch

What is the term duration of Panchayati Raj institutions?

(A) 3 years

(B) 5 years

(D) 2 years

Answer: (B) 5 years

Who is the chief executive officer of a Municipal Corporation in India?

(A) Mayor

(B) Commissioner

(D) Councillor

Answer: (B) Commissioner

The functions of the public accounts committee are

To examine the appropriation accounts and financial accounts of the union government

To examine the accounts of state corporations

Which of these statements are correct?

(A) 1 Only

(B) 2 Only

(D) None of them

Answer: (C) Both of them

The 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India was enacted in the year __.

(A) 1947

(B) 1976

(D) 2016

Answer: (B) 1976

By which amendment of the Constitution, Article 323A (Administrative tribunals) & Article 323B (Tribunals for other matters) in a new part XIV A was inserted in the Indian Constitution?

(A) Constitution 40th Amendment Act

(B) Constitution 41st Amendment Act

(D) Constitution 43rd Amendment Act

Answer: (C) Constitution 42nd Amendment Act

which of the following Constitutional amendments has authorized the president to publish a authoritative Hindi Translation of the Constitution of India?

(A) The Constitution (55th Amendment) Act

(B) The Constitution (56th Amendment Act

(D) The Constitution (58th Amendment) Act

Answer: (D) The Constitution (58th Amendment) Act

As per the Government of India act 1919, the life of the Council of State and Legislative Assembly were as follows:

(A) 5 Years , 3 years

(B) 3 Years , 5 years

(D) 3 Years , 3 years

Answer: (A) 5 Years , 3 years

What is the difference between Union Legislature and Parliament of India ?

(A) Union Legislature consists of Lok Sabha only, Parliament Consists of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

(B) Union Legislature consists of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and President, Parliament consists of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

(D) There is no difference between the two

Answer: (D) There is no difference between the two

Many key features of the constitution such as the federal structure of government, provincial autonomy, a bicameral central legislature and the principle of separation of powers, are directly taken from:

(A) Nehru Report of 1928

(B) Government of India Act, 1919

(D) Indian Independence Act, 1947

Answer: (C) Government of India Act, 1935

For the exercise of the powers of his office, President as been made answerable to __?

(A) Only Supreme Court

(B) Only Chief Justice of India

(D) None of the above

Answer: (D) None of the above

Who described the Government of India Act, 1935 as a new charter of bondage?

(A) B.R. Ambedkar

(B) Mahatma Gandhi

(D) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru

Answer: (D) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru

The Constitutional Amendment Act that has introduced safeguards against the misuse of proclamation of national emergency is the

(A) 42nd Amendment Act

(B) 43rd Amendment Act

(D) 45th Amendment Act

Answer: (C) 44th Amendment Act

Which Article empowers the President to grant pardons and reprieves?

(A) Article 72

(B) Article 74

(D) Article 78

Answer: (A) Article 72

Which amendment of the constitution added Administrative Tribunals?

(A) 42nd amendment act

(B) 44th amendment act

(D) 49th amendment act

Answer: (A) 42nd amendment act

The Fundamental Rights can be suspended by the

(A) Governor

(B) President

(D) Prime Minister

Answer: (B) President

Under which Article of the Constitution of India, can the fundamental rights of the members of the Armed Forces be specifically restricted?

(A) Article 21

(B) Article 25

(D) Article 19

Answer: (C) Article 33

Which Article of the Constitution empowers the President to appoint a Commission to investigate the condition of backward classes in general and suggest ameliorative measures?

(A) Art 342

(B) Art 344

(D) Art 339

Answer: (C) Art 340

Who can initiate impeachment proceedings against the President of India?

(A) Either House of Parliament

(B) Any Vidhan Sabha

(D) Rajya Sabha

Answer: (A) Either House of Parliament

Which of the following appointments is not made by the President of India?

(A) Chief of the Army

(B) Speaker of the Lok Sabha

(D) Chief of the Air Force

Answer: (B) Speaker of the Lok Sabha

According to which of the following Articles of the Constitution of India shall a Money Bill NOT be introduced in the Council of States?

(A) Article 109

(B) Article 354

(D) Article 298

Answer: (A) Article 109

Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Uniform Civil Code?

(A) Article 40

(B) Article 44

(D) Article 50

Answer: (B) Article 44

The __ Amendment of the Constitution of India envisages the Gram Sabha as the foundation of the Panchayat Raj System to perform functions and powers entrusted to it by the State Legislatures.

(A) 72nd

(B) 71st

(D) 74th

Answer: (C) 73rd

The Panchayati Raj system was given Constitutional status by which amendment?

(A) 72nd

(B) 73rd

(D) 75th

Answer: (B) 73rd

Who proposed the Preamble before the Drafting Committee of the Constitution?

(A) Jawaharlal Nehru

(B) BR Ambedkar

(D) Mahatma Gandhi

Answer: (A) Jawaharlal Nehru

The di

stribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the

(A) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909

(B) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919

(D) Indian Independence Act, 1947

Answer: (C) Government of India Act, 1935

For the election of President of India, a citizen should have completed the age of

(A) 25 years

(B) 30 years

(D) 18 years

Answer: (C) 35 years

Who among the following can dissolve the Lok Sabha?

(A) Prime Minister

(B) President

(D) Speaker of Lok Sabha

Answer: (B) President

In which of the following years was the Rajya Sabha first constituted?

(A) 1952

(B) 1947

(D) 1948

Answer: (A) 1952

How many sessions of the Lok Sabha are normally held in a year?

(A) 2

(B) 5

(D) 3

Answer: (D) 3

Rule __ (of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha) does NOT involve a formal motion before the Parliament House, hence no voting can take place after discussion on matters under this rule.

(A) 149

(B) 193

(D) 158

Answer: (B) 193

In the context of Indian parliament what is ‘Zero Hour’?

(A) Time immediately after Question Hour

(B) Time in the last half of the parliamentary proceeding

(D) Time in the first half of the parliamentary proceeding

Answer: (A) Time immediately after Question Hour

Which innovative discussion process is introduced by the Indian parliament to the World Parliamentary systems?

(A) Question hour

(B) Zero hour

(D) Presidential Speech

Answer: (B) Zero hour

According to Article 80 of Indian Constitution, Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members. Out of these 250 members how many are representatives of States and Union Territories?

(A) 230

(B) 236

(D) 242

Answer: (C) 238

The seat of Madhya Pradesh High Court is located at

(A) Gwalior

(B) Indore

(D) Jabalpur

Answer: (D) Jabalpur

The seat of Kerala High Court is located at:

(A) Kottayam

(B) Thiruvananthapuram

(D) Ernakulam

Answer: (D) Ernakulam

The first speaker of Lok Sabha was:

(A) S. Radhakrishnan

(B) M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar

(D) G. V. Mavlankar

Answer: (D) G. V. Mavlankar

If the Anglo–Indian community does not get adequate representation in the Lok Sabha, two members of the community can be nominated by the

(A) Prime Minister

(B) President

(D) President in consultation with the Parliament

Answer: (B) President

Lok Sabha Secretariat comes under the direct control of

(A) Ministry of Home Affairs

(B) Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs

(D) President

Answer: (C) Speaker of Lok Sabha

If a budget is defeated in the legislature of a state then

(A) The Finance Minister alone has to resign

(B) The Finance Minister concerned has to be suspended

(D) Re-election have to be ordered

Answer: (C) The council of Ministers along with the Chief Minister has to resign

Who can make laws for Union Territories on any subject under the three lists Viz. union list, state list and concurrent list?

(A) The President of India alone

(B) The Parliament

(D) Home Minister of India

Answer: (B) The Parliament

With whose consultation does the President convene and prorogue all sessions of Parliament?

(A) The Speaker

(B) The Prime Minister

(D) The Council of Ministers

Answer: (B) The Prime Minister

The word “Secular” was added to the Preamble of the Constitution of India by which Constitutional Amendment?

(A) 41st Constitutional Amendment

(B) 42nd Constitutional Amendment

(D) 44th Constitutional Amendment

Answer: (B) 42nd Constitutional Amendment

“Betting and gambling” is listed in which list given in the Seventh Schedule in the Constitution of India.

(A) Union

(B) State

(D) Concurrent

Answer: (B) State

Which Part of Indian Constitution deals with Union Territories?

(A) Part VI

(B) Part VII

(D) Part IX

Answer: (C) Part VIII

Part of XVII of India Constitution deals with __.

(A) elections

(B) official language

(D) fundamental rights

Answer: (B) official language

There are total _ parliamentary seats (Rajya Sabha constituency) in Sikkim.

(A) 11

(B) 19

(D) 1

Answer: (D) 1

Which Schedule of Indian Constitution was added by 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act?

(A) Eight Schedule

(B) Ninth Schedule

(D) Eleventh Schedule

Answer: (D) Eleventh Schedule

Which Schedule of the Indian Constitution contains provisions regarding the Anti-Defection Law?

(A) Second Schedule

(B) Sixth Schedule

(D) Twelfth Schedule

Answer: (C) Tenth Schedule

The Fundamental Duties are mentioned in which part of the Indian Constitution?

(A) Part III

(B) Part IV-A

(D) Part IV

Answer: (B) Part IV-A

Who appoints the Chief Election Commissioner of India?

(A) Prime Minister

(B) Parliament

(D) Lok Sabha Speaker

Answer: (C) President of India

Which Article deals with the Uniform Civil Code?

(A) Article 40

(B) Article 44

(D) Article 50

Answer: (B) Article 44

How many fundamental rights are guaranteed by the Indian Constitution as of now?

(A) 7

(B) 6

(D) 8

Answer: (B) 6

Who can remove a Governor from office before the end of their term?

(A) Supreme Court

(B) Prime Minister

(D) President

Answer: (D) President

The concept of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution is borrowed from which country?

(A) USA

(B) UK

(D) Australia

Answer: (A) USA

Which of the following is not a feature of a federal government?

(A) Dual Citizenship

(B) Division of Powers

(D) Written Constitution

Answer: (A) Dual Citizenship

The preamble of the Indian Constitution was amended by which amendment?

(A) 38th

(B) 42nd

(D) 86th

Answer: (B) 42nd

The term ‘State’ in Article 12 includes:

(A) State Government

(B) Parliament

(D) All of the above

Answer: (D) All of the above

Who was the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution?

(A) Rajendra Prasad

(B) Sardar Patel

(D) Jawaharlal Nehru

Answer: (C) B.R. Ambedkar

Who among the following was not a member of the Drafting committee of the Constitution of India?

(A) B. R. Ambedkar

(B) K. M. Munshi

(D) M. K. Gandhi

Answer: (D) M. K. Gandhi

The Constituent Assembly of India was set up under the __ .

(A) Cabinet Mission Plan

(B) Wavell Plan

(D) Indian Independence Act

Answer: (A) Cabinet Mission Plan

Which among the following was described by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the ” heart and soul of the Constitution of India ” ?

(A) Freedom of Religion

(B) Right to Constitutional Remedies

(D) Right to move throughout the territory of India

Answer: (B) Right to Constitutional Remedies

Who was the chairman of Drafting Committee of Constituent Assembly?

(A) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru

(B) Dr. Rajendra Prasad

(D) B. N. Rao

Answer: (C) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

The Indian Constitution came into force on _.

(A) January 26, 1950

(B) January 26, 1949

(D) January 1, 1950

Answer: (A) January 26, 1950

The judges of the Supreme Court retire at the age of :

(A) 60 years

(B) 65 years

(D) 58 years

Answer: (B) 65 years

A Retired Judge of a High Court is not permitted to practice as a lawyer in

(A) Supreme Court

(B) Any Court in India

(D) Except the High Court where he retired

Answer: (D) Except the High Court where he retired

The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President in consultation with whom?

(A) Chief Justice of India

(B) Governor of the respective state

(D) Union Cabinet

Answer: (C) Both (A) and (B)

Which High Court has jurisdiction over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

(A) Madras High Court

(B) Bombay High Court

(D) Allahabad High Court

Answer: (C) Calcutta High Court

In which case did the Supreme Court introduce the Collegium System for the appointment of judges?

(A) S.P. Gupta v. Union of India Case

(B) Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India Case

(D) Third Judges Case

Answer: (D) Third Judges Case

Who acts as the guardian of the Indian Constitution?

(A) Prime Minister

(B) Supreme Court

(D) Parliament

Answer: (B) Supreme Court

Which pillar of Indian Constitution is its final interpreter?

(A) The Executive

(B) The Legislative

(D) No option is correct

Answer: (C) The Judiciary

India has taken the concept of ‘Judicial Review’ from which country’s constitution?

(A) United States

(B) United Kingdom

(D) Ireland

Answer: (A) United States

What is the literal meaning of ‘Certiorari’?

(A) We command

(B) To have the body of

(D) To be certified (or) to be informed

Answer: (D) To be certified (or) to be informed

Which of the following “writ” of the High Court or the Supreme Court is issued to produce the person before the court who has been so detained?

(A) Habeas Corpus

(B) Mandamus

(D) Quo Warranto

Answer: (A) Habeas Corpus

Under which jurisdiction the President of India can refer any matter that is of public importance or that which involves interpretation of Constitution to Supreme Court for advice?

(A) Original Jurisdiction

(B) Writ Jurisdiction

(D) Advisory Jurisdiction

Answer: (D) Advisory Jurisdiction

Who appoints the Attorney General of India?

(A) Prime Minister of India

(B) Chief Justice of India

(D) Law Minister of India

Answer: (C) President of India

Which commission is responsible for recommending the distribution of taxes between the Centre and the States?

(A) Election Commission

(B) Planning Commission

(D) NITI Aayog

Answer: (C) Finance Commission

In India, who is also known as ‘the guardian of the public purse’?

(A) Comptroller and Auditor General of India

(B) Prime Minister of India

(D) Ministry of law and Justice

Answer: (A) Comptroller and Auditor General of India

Who appoints the Chairman of the UPSC?

(A) President

(B) Speaker of Lok Sabha

(D) Prime Minister

Answer: (A) President

The National Commission for Minorities was constituted in the year

(A) 1990

(B) 1992

(D) 1989

Answer: (B) 1992

Who appoints the Chief Election Commissioner of India?

(A) Prime Minister

(B) Parliament

(D) Lok Sabha Speaker

Answer: (C) President of India

Which of the following is/are among the functions of the Election Commission of India?

Conduct of election for the posts of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, Lok Sabha and the Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha.

Conduct of election to the Corporations and Municipalities.

Deciding on all doubts and disputes arising out of the elections.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below.

(A) 1 and 2

(B) 1 and 3

(D) None of these

Answer: (D) None of these

When on election duty, government officers work under the control of

(A) The concerned District Administration

(B) State Planning Board

(D) Election Commission

Answer: (D) Election Commission

Election Commission of India (ECI) used Braille-enabled signboards for the first time in by-elections conducted in which of these states?

(A) West Bengal

(B) Maharashtra

(D) Andhra Pradesh

Answer: (A) West Bengal

Consider the following statements about the recognition of official languages in states is incorrect?

(A) States have the power to adopt one or more official languages.

(B) Some states have a second official language for administrative purposes.

(D) The language used in the state’s High Court is often one of the official languages.

Answer: (C) The recognition of official languages in states cannot be changed once decided.

Which language is recognized as the official language of the Union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh?

(A) Urdu

(B) Dogri

(D) English

Answer: (D) English

Which Indian state has English as its additional official language?

(A) Maharashtra

(B) West Bengal

(D) Manipur

Answer: (D) Manipur

The headquarters of the Western Naval Command of the Indian Navy is located in which Union Territory?

(A) Daman and Diu

(B) Puducherry

(D) Lakshadweep

Answer: (A) Daman and Diu

Who is the ex-officio Chairman of the Zonal Councils in India?

(A) Prime Minister of India

(B) President of India

(D) Chief Minister of the host state

Answer: (C) Home Minister of India

Which Union Territory has the highest population density in India?

(A) Delhi

(B) Chandigarh

(D) Daman and Diu

Answer: (A) Delhi

Which Union Territory has the highest percentage of forest cover in India?

(A) Lakshadweep

(B) Daman and Diu

(D) Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Answer: (A) Lakshadweep

The Supreme Court of India tenders legal advice to president of India when___?

(A) Cabinet recommends it

(B) Council of Minister recommends it

(D) Supreme Court wants to tender the advice

Answer: (C) President asks for it

“Right to vote” can be placed in which among the following categories?

(A) Fundamental Right

(B) Constitutional Obligation

(D) Legal Right

Answer: (D) Legal Right

Who, among the following, has the final right to sanction the expenditure of public money in India?

(A) Speaker

(B) President

(D) Parliament

Answer: (B) President

Which of the following is correct regarding the Governor of a State?

(A) All of the above

(B) He can recommend to the President to impose President’s Rule in the State.

(D) He has the power of issuing ordinances when the legislature is not in session.

Answer: (A) All of the above

The President nominates 12 members of the Rajya Sabha according to

(A) Their performance as office bearers of cultural societies

(B) The recommendations made by the Vice President

(D) Their distinction in the field of science, art, literature and social service

Answer: (D) Their distinction in the field of science, art, literature and social service

Who among the following has the power to form a new state within the Union of India?

(A) Speaker of Lok Sabha

(B) President

(D) Supreme Court

Answer: (B) President

Who is the first President of India?

(A) Rajendra Prasad

(B) S. Radhakrishnan

(D) V.V. Giri

Answer: (A) Rajendra Prasad

Which of the following bodies is responsible for preparing and implementing Five-Year Plans?

(A) Planning Commission (old)

(B) Finance Commission

(D) Election Commission

Answer: (C) NITI Aayog

The right to vote in India is given under which Article?

(A) Article 324

(B) Article 326

(D) Article 21

Answer: (B) Article 326

Who was the architect of North and South Blocks of the Central Secretariate in Delhi?

(A) Sir Edward Lutyens

(B) Herbert Baker

(D) Antonin Raymond

Answer: (B) Herbert Baker

Judicial review in the Indian Constitution is based on:

(A) Rule of Law

(B) Due process of Law

(D) Precedents and Conventions

Answer: (C) Procedure established by Law

In India, the Residuary Powers are vested with

(A) Union Government

(B) State Government

(D) Local Government

Answer: (A) Union Government

One feature distinguishing the Rajya Sabha from the Vidhan Parishad is

(A) Power of impeachment

(B) Indirect election

(D) Tenure of membership

Answer: (A) Power of impeachment

Chief Ministers of all the states are ex-officio members of the

(A) Planning Commission

(B) National Development Council

(D) Finance Commission

Answer: (C) Inter State Council

The proposal for the creation of new All-India Services can be considered only:

(A) if majority of State Legislatures make such demand

(B) if Lok Sabha passes a resolution by two-thirds majority

(D) None of the above

Answer: (C) if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by two-thirds majority

The authority to specify which castes shall be deemed to be scheduled castes rests with the:

(A) Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Tribes

(B) Prime Minister

(D) Governor

Answer: (A) Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Tribes

The Social Contract theory deals with

(A) The Purpose of State

(B) The Origin of the State

(D) The Functions of State

Answer: (B) The Origin of the State

The Supreme Court of India offers advice to the President on matters of Legal, Public or Constitutional importance based on

(A) Article-148

(B) Article-129

(D) Article-143

Answer: (D) Article-143

Which is the most effective means of executive control of administration?

(A) Financial administration

(B) Political direction

(D) Subordinate legislation

Answer: (C) Appointment and removal of top officials

Violation of‘Rule of Law’ arises mostly from

(A) Lack of Checks and Balances

(B) Executive’s Quasi-Judicial Powers

(D) Delegated Legislation

Answer: (A) Lack of Checks and Balances

The main reason for the growth of communalism in India is

(A) Educational and economic backwardness of minority groups

(B) Political consciousness

(D) Imposing ban on communal organisations

Answer: (A) Educational and economic backwardness of minority groups

Which one of the following does not match?

(A) Hindu Marriage Act : 1955

(B) Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act : 1971

(D) Cruelty against Women : 1995

Answer: (C) Domestic Violence on women Act : 1990

Constituent Assembly of India was formulated on the recommendation of

(A) Wavel Plan

(B) Cripps Mission

(D) Cabinet Mission

Answer: (D) Cabinet Mission

Which of the following exercised the most profound influence in framing the Indian Constitution?

(A) British Constitution

(B) US Constitution

(D) The Government of India

Act,1935

Answer: (D) The Government of India Act,1935

The Drafting of the Constitution was completed on:

(A) 26th January, 1950

(B) 26th December, 1949

(D) 30th November, 1949

Answer: (C) 26th November, 1949

Wednesday, March 4, 2026

ISRO Achievements

ISRO Achievements:

Top 10 Milestones in India’s Space Research Organization The achievements of ISRO make every Indian proud of their pioneering journey in space exploration. But the foundation of this remarkable story began earlier in the 1960s era. In 1962, the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) laid the groundwork for India’s space program. It set the stage for what would later become the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), officially founded in 1969. ISRO took on the ambitious goal of harnessing space technology for national development, transforming the dreams of a young nation into reality. Since its inception, the achievements of ISRO have been nothing short of extraordinary. From launching satellites that revolutionize communication and remote sensing to mastering indigenous technologies like the cryogenic propulsion system, ISRO has not only advanced India’s space capabilities but also established itself as a global leader. Each mission has expanded the reach of science and technology, from agriculture and telecommunication to disaster management. ISRO’s mission to harness space technology for the betterment of society continues to drive its innovations. The agency’s breakthroughs extend beyond cutting-edge technology, inspiring future generations through collaborations with academic institutions and initiatives that promote space research. As ISRO forges ahead, its achievements shape the future of space exploration both in India and on the global stage

1. Chandrayaan 3-2023 Chandrayaan-3 achieved a historic milestone by successfully landing on the Moon’s south pole on August 23, 2023. This mission aims to demonstrate advanced capabilities in soft landing and exploration of the lunar surface. It follows the earlier missions, Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, incorporating valuable lessons learned from past experiences. In recognition of this achievement, ISRO chairman S. Somanath received the prestigious IAF World Space Award for Chandrayaan-3 on October 14, 2024, during a ceremony held in Milan, Italy. • The lander successfully touched down near the lunar south pole on August 23 at 18:03 IST (12:33 UTC), making India the fourth country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon. Furthermore, at 69°S, it was the southernmost lunar landing until IM-1 landed further south in February 2024, marking one of the top achievements of ISRO. • The six-wheeled Pragyan rover deployed from the lander and began exploring the lunar surface on August 24. However, on August 30, the rover confirmed the presence of sulfur on the Moon using the LIBS technique. • Chandrayaan-3 made India the first country to land near the lunar south pole, a region that remains unexplored by other space agencies. • Remarkably, this ambitious mission operates within a budget of approximately 615 crores, a testament to ISRO’s efficient resource management and strategic allocation of funds, further adding to ISRO’s latest achievements.

2. Aditya-L1 – 2023 The Aditya-L1 mission, launched on September 2, 2023, is India’s inaugural solar observatory designed to study various solar phenomena from Lagrange Point 1 (L1), situated approximately 1.5 million km from Earth. This strategic location allows for continuous solar observation without interruptions from eclipses or occultations. • The mission is equipped with seven payloads, including a coronagraph for studying the solar corona and instruments for analyzing solar winds and magnetic fields. • Aditya-L1 aims to explore critical questions regarding solar activities, such as coronal heating and the dynamics of space weather. • The spacecraft is expected to operate for about five years, providing invaluable data to enhance our understanding of solar dynamics and their impact on Earth. • The Supra Thermal and Energetic Particle Spectrometer (STEPS), part of the Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX), started collecting data on September 10, 2023. It measures supra-thermal and energetic ions and electrons, providing insights into the particle environment surrounding Earth.

3. Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) – 2023 The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a new class of launch vehicle developed by ISRO, designed to cater to the growing demand for launching small satellites. The SSLV had its inaugural flight in February 2023, marking a significant step in ISRO’s efforts to expand its launch capabilities. The uniqueness of its payload capacity makes it rank among the top achievements of ISRO. • The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a versatile launch vehicle developed by ISRO, capable of delivering payloads weighing up to 500 kg to low Earth orbit (LEO) and 300 kg to Sun-synchronous orbit. • The SSLV features a three-stage design with solid-propellant-based engines, complemented by a fourth stage known as the Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) for precise orbital insertion. • One of its standout characteristics is low-cost launch capabilities, with an expected cost of approximately ₹35 crore (about $4.2 million). • The SSLV was successfully launched on February 10, 2023, deploying three satellites, including EOS-07, demonstrating ISRO’s commitment to cater to the growing demand for small satellite launches globally.

4. Mission Shakti (Anti-Satellite Missile) – 2019 Mission Shakti, conducted on March 27, 2019, signifies India’s successful anti-satellite (ASAT) missile test, positioning the nation as the fourth globally to demonstrate such capability. This mission has created a space for ISRO in the international space sector. Hence, it holds a special place among the achievements of ISRO. • The test involved the targeted destruction of a live satellite located in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), utilizing indigenous technology adapted from India’s ballistic missile defense system. • The successful completion of Mission Shakti is a testament to India’s growing space capabilities and strategic defense initiatives, instilling a sense of deterrence against potential threats. • Notably, the operation was executed with minimal space debris generation, emphasizing ISRO’s commitment to responsible space practices.

5. Launching 104 Satellites – 2017 Among the numerous successes of ISRO, the first one we have on our list of the Top Achievements of ISRO is successfully launching 104 satellites with a single rocket. In 2017, they reached this milestone in partnership with six nations, employing the powerful PS: V-C37 and showcasing its remarkable capability in a single mission, achieving a significant milestone in the field of space exploration. • ISRO’s achievements have been widely recognized, and one of the standout moments was their successful launch of an amazing 31 satellites simultaneously, demonstrating their worldwide reach. Notable countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany entrusted ISRO with their satellites. This historic event took place on February 15, 2017. • Its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) outperformed the competition, transporting and delivering 104 satellites into sun-synchronous orbits in a single flight. This remarkable effort broke the previous record of 37 satellites launched on June 19, 2014, by a Russian Dnepr rocket. • On February 15, 2017, the 714-kilogram Cartosat-2 Series satellite, accompanied by 103 co-passenger spacecraft, was the central attraction of the show. • PSLV-C37’s 104 satellites weighed a whopping 1378 kg in total. With this incredible achievement, the number of Indian satellites launched by PSLV has risen to 46.

6. NavIC – 2016 Creating India’s independent navigation system was one of the best achievements of ISRO. NavIC, or Navigation with Indian Constellation, is India’s regional satellite navigation system developed by ISRO, officially operational since 2016. The system consists of seven satellites, providing accurate positioning and timing information. • Initially launched as the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS), NavIC boasts a coverage area extending up to 1,500 km beyond India’s borders, making it essential for national security and independent navigation solutions. • NavIC offers two primary services: a Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for civilian use and a Restricted Service (RS) for authorized users, enhancing its application across various sectors including transportation, agriculture, and disaster management. • The system aims to position India as a self-reliant player in the global navigation landscape, reducing dependency on foreign systems like GPS.

7. Mars Orbit Mission – 2014 ISRO launched MOM in 2013, rightly named Mangalyaan, to expand the bounds of exploration by venturing into unknown territory, enabling humanity to unravel the secrets of the cosmos. • The historic endeavor has caught the world’s attention, focusing clearly on understanding Martian terrain, morphology, minerals, and atmosphere. MOM, blasted into space by the powerful PSLV-XL, set out on its voyage to Mars. • Since it first arrived at Mars on September 24, 2014, MOM has been in orbit around the planet. Its strategic orientation lets it gather detailed photographs of a whole Martian hemisphere simultaneously, thanks to a highly elliptical orbit spanning 423 80,000 km. • MOM carries a color camera, a thermal infrared sensor, an ultraviolet spectrometer, a mass spectrometer, and a methane sensor, among other instruments that allow scientists to examine the Martian exosphere and investigate the existence of methane. • Notably, on October 19, 2014, MOM had the unusual opportunity to view Comet Siding Spring as it gently glided by Mars, approaching 132,000 miles from the planet.

8. Chandrayan 1 – 2008 ISRO launched India’s first lunar exploration mission, Chandrayaan-1, which is one of the top achievements of ISRO. It successfully orbited the moon and made significant discoveries, contributing to our understanding of the lunar surface. • In October 2008, ISRO launched this ground-breaking mission. It performed successfully from launch to August 2009, leaving a lasting legacy on space exploration. • Chandrayaan-1 set out on an incredible journey, armed with a lunar orbiter and an impactor. In 2008, India reached new heights by launching the groundbreaking Chandrayaan project, the first-ever space journey to the moon. • On October 22, 2008, a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle launched into space the 590-kg (1,300-pound) Chandrayaan-1. The probe quickly rose into an elliptical polar orbit around the Moon, reaching an incredible altitude of 504 km (312 miles) at its closest approach to the lunar surface and a stunning 7,502 km (4,651 miles) at its farthest point. • Following a thorough assessment, the spacecraft sank elegantly to a precise 100-kilometer (60-mile) orbit. On November 14, 2008, Chandrayaan-1 launched the Moon Impact Probe (MIP), a small but powerful craft revealing the existence of minuscule amounts of water in the Moon’s atmosphere.

9. Aryabhatta Satellite – 1975 The Aryabhatta satellite, named after the ancient Indian mathematician, was launched into space. It played a significant role in advancing India’s space program and conducting scientific experiments. • Aryabhata was launched into space on April 19, 1997. It was named after the great Indian astronomer and was built entirely in India. This ground-breaking satellite enthralled the world. • Aryabhata was sent into orbit by the powerful Kosmos-3M launch vehicle from Kapustin Yar, a well-known Soviet rocket launch complex in Astrakhan Oblast. It embarked on a journey to unravel the mysteries of our planet and beyond with precision and grace. • Aryabhata weighed 794 pounds (360 kg) and was outfitted with innovative technology. Its aim is to probe deep into the Earth’s ionosphere, meticulously analyzing the interesting neutrons and gamma rays emitted by our bright sun. Aryabhata was also programmed to discover the secrets of the universe through enthralling X-ray astronomy experiments. • On the historic day of April 19, 1975, Aryabhata took flight, riding atop a Russian-made rocket within the Soviet Union’s borders. Aryabhata exemplifies India’s capability in space exploration.

10. Vikas Engine – 1970 Lastly on our list of the Top Achievements of ISRO is the Vikas Engine. This powerful and reliable liquid rocket engine, developed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), has played a significant role in the achievements of India in space. It has been extensively used in various launch vehicles, including the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). The success of the Vikas Engine laid the solid foundation for India’s future achievements in space. • The series of liquid-fueled rocket engines developed by ISRO scientists have redefined the possibilities for space exploration. A brilliant team at the Liquid Propulsion Systems Center, led by the extraordinary Nambi Narayanan, developed the Vikas engine in the 1970s. • This marvel of Indian engineering has risen to tremendous heights by drawing inspiration from the licensed version of the Viking engine and combining it with an innovative chemical pressurization system. • It also powers the PSLV’s second stage, boosts the performance of the GSLV Mark I and II, and serves as the fearsome core stage of the GSLV Mark III. This remarkable engine has carried missions such as Chandrayan and Mangalyaan to the stars. • On January 30, 2023, ISRO reached a watershed moment: the Vikas engine’s initial throttling trial hot test was a success. Witness the engineering marvel’s accuracy and refinement as ISRO achieved a historic 67% power reduction for a stunning 43 seconds.

What are the important points of ISRO history?

• Formation: ISRO was established on August 15, 1969.

• First Satellite: Aryabhata, India’s first satellite, was launched on April 19, 1975.

• Chandrayaan-1: Launched in 2008, this mission discovered water on the Moon.

• Mars Orbiter Mission: In 2013, Mangalyaan made India the first country to reach Mars on its first attempt.

• Chandrayaan-3: Launched on July 14, 2023, it successfully landed on the Moon on August 23, 2023. What is an amazing fact about ISRO? An interesting fact about ISRO is that it launched a record 104 satellites in a single mission in 2017, demonstrating India’s capability in small satellite launches. Additionally, ISRO conducts these missions at a fraction of the cost of similar programs, showcasing its efficiency and ingenuity. How many successful missions of ISRO? As of now, ISRO has successfully completed a total of 124 spacecraft missions and 94 launch missions, solidifying its position as one of the leading space organizations in the world. What was the first successful launch of ISRO? ISRO’s first successful launch occurred in 1980 with the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-3), which successfully placed the Rohini satellite into orbit, making India the seventh country in the world to achieve this capability.

SRO has marked 2024 as a pivotal year in its journey of space exploration, achieving several significant milestones that underscore its growing capabilities and ambitions. Here are the Key Milestones In Space Exploration, Reusable Rockets, Next-Generation Launch Vehicles;

Major Achievements

1. Launch of X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) On January 1, 2024, ISRO launched the PSLV-C58, carrying XPoSat, India's second X-ray polarimetry mission. This satellite aims to study astronomical phenomena like black holes and neutron stars, placing India among an elite group of nations capable of such missions. India Security Forum

2. Successful Solar Mission: Aditya-L1 On January 6, 2024, ISRO's first solar mission, Aditya-L1, reached its designated halo orbit around the L1 point. This mission is crucial for studying solar activities and their impact on the Earth's climate.

3. Advancements In Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Technology In March 2024, ISRO successfully conducted the RLV LEX-02 test, demonstrating the autonomous landing capabilities of its Pushpak vehicle. This was followed by the RLV LEX-03 test in June, which showcased advanced navigation and control systems necessary for future reusable spacecraft. RLV LEX-03: On June 23, ISRO successfully completed the third and final test in the RLV Landing Experiment series (RLV LEX-03). During this test, the Pushpak vehicle executed cross-range correction manoeuvres, performed a precise horizontal landing, and simulated the return and landing conditions of a spacefaring vehicle, underscoring ISRO’s expertise in developing critical technologies for reusable spacecraft.

4. International Collaboration: Proba-3 Mission On December 5, 2024, ISRO launched the Proba-3 mission for the European Space Agency (ESA). This mission focuses on studying the Sun's outer corona and further establishes ISRO's role in international space collaborations.

5. First Analog Space Mission In November 2024, ISRO launched India's first Analog Space Mission in Leh to simulate space conditions on Earth. This mission is designed to prepare astronauts for future interplanetary missions by familiarizing them with psychological and physical challenges.

6. INSAT-3DS Satellite Launch On February 17, ISRO successfully launched the INSAT-3DS weather satellite aboard the GSLV-MkII rocket. The satellite, which is designed to operate for 10 years, enhances India’s weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, oceanic observations and disaster relief capabilities. It is a key addition to India’s third-generation geostationary satellites. Future Projects ISRO is also laying the groundwork for ambitious projects in the coming decades: Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): Development is underway for a new launch vehicle capable of handling heavier payloads than current models. This vehicle will incorporate advanced technologies including semi-cryogenic engines. Gaganyaan Mission: Preparations are ongoing for India's first crewed spaceflight, which aims to demonstrate ISRO's capability to sustain human presence in space. Overall, 2024 has solidified ISRO's position as a leading player in global space exploration, with numerous achievements that not only enhance India's technological prowess but also contribute significantly to international scientific endeavours.

Wednesday, February 25, 2026

INC Meetings

The Indian National Congress (INC) meetings refer mainly to the annual sessions organized by the party since its inception in 1885. These sessions were pivotal in shaping India's independence movement and political strategy against British rule. The first session was held in Bombay in December 1885, where Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the president. Since then, the INC held its annual sessions mostly in December each year, rotating across different parts of India, with each session presided over by an elected president.

These meetings were significant for discussing national goals, political reforms, and unity against colonial rule. Some sessions also included special sessions during critical periods, such as the approval of the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920. Important sessions also saw key resolutions like Swaraj being declared the aim in 1906, the split between moderates and extremists in 1907, and the declaration of Purna Swaraj (complete independence) in 1929.

The INC sessions involved various prominent leaders and were a platform for debating major policies, including socioeconomic reforms, opposition to British policies, and strategies for independence. These meetings reflected the evolving political climate and the Congress's role in uniting diverse groups toward the freedom struggle.

In summary, INC meetings were annual or special sessions where leaders convened to direct the Congress's political activities, express nationalist demands, and mobilize support for India's independence. The history of these sessions is essential for understanding the trajectory of India's freedom movement and the INC's role in it

Timeline of major INC events 1885–1947

Here is a timeline of major Indian National Congress (INC) events from 1885 to 1947:

- 1885: Indian National Congress founded in Bombay; first session presided over by Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee.

- 1886–1905: Early sessions focused on moderate reforms like greater representation, civil rights, and administrative reforms.

- 1905: Partition of Bengal by the British sparks widespread protest; INC begins political mass mobilization.

- 1907: Surat Split - division between Moderates and Extremists within INC.

- 1915: Mahatma Gandhi returns to India and soon takes prominent leadership in INC.

- 1919: Jallianwala Bagh massacre shocks INC; non-cooperation movement started in 1920.

- 1920-22: Non-Cooperation Movement led by Gandhi mobilizes people nationwide.

- 1928: Nehru Report demands dominion status; INC rejects it, demanding complete independence.

- 1929: Lahore session declares Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) as INC's goal.

- 1930: Salt Satyagraha (Dandi March) initiates Civil Disobedience Movement.

- 1935: Government of India Act passed; INC wins provincial elections in 1937.

- 1942: Quit India Movement launched by INC demanding immediate British withdrawal.

- 1947: Independence and partition of India; INC leader Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first Prime Minister of free India.

This timeline highlights the key political and mass movement milestones of the INC that led to India's freedom from British rule.

Key INC leaders and roles before 1947

Key Indian National Congress (INC) leaders before 1947 and their roles include:

- **Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee**: First president of the INC at its founding session in 1885, helping establish the organization as a platform for Indian political dialogue.

- **Dadabhai Naoroji**: Early moderate leader known as the "Grand Old Man of India," he emphasized economic critique of British rule and became the first Indian elected to the British Parliament.

- **Bal Gangadhar Tilak**: A radical leader who advocated for self-rule (Swaraj) and mass mobilization, Tilak inspired militant nationalism and was a key figure in the extremist faction after the 1907 split.

- **Gopal Krishna Gokhale**: Moderate leader, social reformer, and mentor to Gandhi who initially believed in constitutional reforms and dialogue with the British.

- **Mahatma Gandhi**: The paramount leader of the INC from 1915 onward, he introduced mass nonviolent civil disobedience and led major campaigns like Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India, reshaping the freedom struggle.

- **Jawaharlal Nehru**: Prominent leader and the first Prime Minister of independent India, Nehru was a major advocate for socialism, industrialization, and secularism within the Congress.

- **Subhas Chandra Bose**: A radical leader who sought direct confrontation with British rule, he formed the Indian National Army and led efforts outside the INC framework during World War II.

- **Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel**: Key organizer and leader in integrating princely states post-independence, Patel was a top strategist and deputy within the INC.

- **Lala Lajpat Rai**: Early nationalist leader, part of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio, who emphasized assertive resistance to British policies.

These leaders played vital roles in shaping the INC’s political ideology, strategies, and activities leading up to India’s independence in 1947

How INC strategies evolved 1885 to independence

The Indian National Congress (INC) strategies evolved significantly from its founding in 1885 until independence in 1947, reflecting changing political contexts and leadership dynamics.

### Early Moderate Phase (1885–1905)

Initially, the INC adopted a constitutional and moderate approach, focusing on petitions, dialogues, and reforms within British rule. The strategy was to seek greater Indian representation, civil rights, and administrative reforms through cooperation with the British government. Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale emphasized gradual change and loyalty to the Crown.

### Radical and Extremist Phase (1905–1919)

The partition of Bengal in 1905 and rising nationalist sentiment ushered in more assertive strategies. The INC split between Moderates and Extremists in 1907, with leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak advocating for Swaraj (self-rule) and direct action. Mass protests, boycotts of British goods, and political mobilization became prominent, though INC still focused largely on constitutional methods.

### Mass Movement Phase under Gandhi (1919–1934)

Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership marked a major strategic shift to mass nonviolent resistance. The INC launched movements with broad-based participation, including the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34), and Salt Satyagraha. These campaigns combined political demands with social reform, aiming to undermine British authority through peaceful defiance and unity among Indians.

### Constitutional Engagement and Parallel Struggle (1935–1942)

The INC also engaged with the Government of India Act 1935 by participating in provincial elections (1937) and governing provinces, seeking to demonstrate capability and gain political leverage. However, they continued nationalist agitation outside constitutional bounds, leading to tensions and resignations when the British repressed political activities.

### Militant and Final Push (1942–1947)

The Quit India Movement of 1942 marked the INC’s final mass uprising demanding full British withdrawal. Despite harsh crackdown, the movement galvanized Indian resistance. Meanwhile, leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose pursued militant and international routes for independence. Post-World War II negotiations and mounting pressure forced the British to accept INC’s demand for sovereignty, culminating in independence in 1947.

Overall, INC strategies evolved from moderate constitutionalism to assertive mass nonviolence combined with political participation and, finally, uncompromising demand for complete independence through mass and militant struggle, reflecting adaptability and growing nationalist aspirations.

List the major Indian National Congress sessions and years

Here is a list of major Indian National Congress (INC) sessions and their years:

- 1st Session: 1885, Bombay — Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee

- 2nd Session: 1886, Calcutta — Dadabhai Naoroji

- 3rd Session: 1887, Madras — Syed Badruddin Tyabji (first Muslim president)

- 4th Session: 1888, Allahabad — George Yule (first English president)

- 5th Session: 1889, Bombay

- 20th Session: 1904, Bombay

- 21st Session: 1905, Banaras — Gopal Krishna Gokhale; formal proclamation of the Swadeshi movement

- 22nd Session: 1906, Calcutta — Dadabhai Naoroji; adoption of resolutions on Swaraj, boycott, Swadeshi, education

- 23rd Session: 1907, Surat — Congress split between Moderates and Extremists

- 31st Session: 1916, Lucknow — Unity between factions (Moderates and Extremists) and Lucknow Pact

- 34th Session: 1919, Amritsar — Motilal Nehru as president

- 39th Session: 1924, Belgaum — Mahatma Gandhi as president

- 43rd Session: 1928, Calcutta — Motilal Nehru; prelude to Purna Swaraj

- 44th Session: 1929, Lahore — Jawaharlal Nehru; declaration of Purna Swaraj (complete independence)

- 45th Session: 1931, Karachi — Vallabhbhai Patel

- 52nd Session: 1939, Tripura — Subhas Chandra Bose

- 54th Session: 1946, Meerut — J.B. Kripalani

These sessions marked key moments such as the formation of INC, promotion of Swadeshi, split between Moderates and Extremists, adoption of Swaraj resolution, declaration of complete independence, and leadership transitions leading up to Indian independence in 1947.

Which presidents led the INC during landmark sessions

The presidents who led the Indian National Congress (INC) during landmark sessions include:

- 1885, Bombay (1st Session): Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee — Inaugural session establishing INC.

- 1886, Calcutta: Dadabhai Naoroji — Early moderate leadership.

- 1905, Banaras: Gopal Krishna Gokhale — Formal proclamation of the Swadeshi movement.

- 1906, Calcutta: Dadabhai Naoroji — Declaration of Swaraj (self-rule) as a goal.

- 1907, Surat: Rash Behari Ghosh — Session marked by the split between Moderates and Extremists.

- 1916, Lucknow: Ambica Charan Mazumdar — Unification of Moderates and Extremists; Lucknow Pact.

- 1919, Amritsar: Motilal Nehru — Expressed sympathy for Jallianwala Bagh massacre victims.

- 1920, Calcutta (Special Session): Lala Lajpat Rai — Approval of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

- 1924, Belgaum: Mahatma Gandhi — The only INC session presided by Gandhi.

- 1928, Calcutta: Motilal Nehru — Prelude to demand for full independence.

- 1929, Lahore: Jawaharlal Nehru — Declaration of Purna Swaraj (complete independence).

- 1931, Karachi: Vallabhbhai Patel — Endorsement of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

- 1938, Haripura: Subhas Chandra Bose — Rejected the federal structure of the 1935 Government of India Act.

- 1946, Meerut: J.B. Kripalani — The last session before independence.

These leaders and sessions were instrumental in major political decisions, campaigns, and shifts in INC policy and strategy during the freedom struggle.

Monday, April 27, 2026

Prime Minister of india

Politics Important Questions and Answers

Wednesday, March 4, 2026

ISRO Achievements

Wednesday, February 25, 2026

INC Meetings

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